Further,battery modules can be connected in parallel and / or series to create a battery pack. = 11,529.59VAh (1+.1)(1+.1) Each relay usually has a load no greater than 5VA, but its essential to verify each relays load individually. This excel sheet calculates the number of turns in primary and secondary and total area occupied by winding. ), which will increase both the final volume and mass. and intermittent loads (heater, brake lights, wipers, etc.) Therefore, we only include one in our calculation to avoid overestimating the load. This calculator assumes and adds for inefficiencies in batteries, panels, and wiring. With Solved Example, A Complete Guide about Solar Panel Installation. "name": "Battery Sizing Calculation | Solved Example" "name": "Home" And if the AC power supply suddenly goes out, the battery will take over without skipping a beat. For this example we are going to focus only on Lithium-ion cells. Daily Sunshine Hours. This is the minimum battery bank capacity size you need to run a 900Wh load daily for 3 hours. Although, Ill admit, gathering all the load info can be a bit of a drag. endstream endobj startxref Other than storage purposes, batteries are extensively utilized in order to provide voltage support for weaker electric power systems such as very long transmission lines. But you use TV for 2 hours and fridge for 3 hours, then here is how you can do it. Could you provide it? This Excel workbook was developed by Gale Scholten (N8GS) using data collected for many different sources. Well, while the primary source of power comes from the AC power supply, its not always reliable. How to find C-rate for each cell? Sizing the substation battery charger Required charger rating: , where: A = required charger output rating k = efficiency factor (1.1 for lead acid batteries) and Excel sheets. Step 3: For each appliance listed, determine how many there are of that appliance (Quantity). His interests lying on solar cells, microcontrollers and switchmode power supplies. The primary cell characteristics that should be considered are: Batterys Ampere-Hour capacities are provided by the battery manufacturer on the basis of various EODVs. NOTICE ANN Annunciator Smoke Detector Measured with Kill-a-watt Watts used while on: 6W Watt-hours over a 6 hour period: 18Whr Calculated: Average Watt-hours per hour = 18Whr/6hr = 3Whr/hr Watt-hours per day = 3Whr/hr * 24 Hr/day = 72Whr/day Time on per day = (72Whr/day)/6W = 12 hrs/day Edited to clarify run-time math This standard is a method for defining DC loads and sizing lead-acid batteries. Solar System Voltage. This is the amount of hours per day where we need to run the appliances on storage power batteries. Step 1: Collect the total connected loads that the battery requires to supply Step 2: Develop a load profile and further compute design energy Step 3: Choose the type of battery and determine the cell characteristics Step 4: Choose the battery cells required to be linked in series fashion [ This particular factor accounts for voltage reduction during the discharge of the battery. For download please subscribe to the Patreon page. A battery cell can be regarded as the smallest division of the voltage. To use this battery size calculator simply enter the Quiescent Load value in milliamps, the Alarm Load value in milliamps and the standby period required. Do you have any substation battery sizing tips? You have masked that by adding all of your % increases but ultimately it will not be sized sufficiently for the full life cycle. All high voltage battery packs are made up from battery cells arranged in strings and modules. The battery pack capacity Cbp [Ah] is calculated as the product between the number of stringsNsb [-] and the capacity of the battery cell Cbc [Ah]. a 10-15 kWh battery) should be sufficient. "item": The following table shows the typical wattage rating of different home appliances. 8@ %PDF-1.5 % The following calculator will do the above mentioned task by just putting the required values. 8@ @ 8 @ 8@ @ " 8@ @ " 8 @ ,""@ @ . x@ @ h @ how have you implemented battery depth of discharge and solar efficiency. "@type": "ListItem", This sheet is gold. The more discharging of a battery, the fewer cycles will be completed. Battery sizing and stand data sheet including all images automatically integrated End of confusing customers with multiple files: Output of offer as single ALL-IN-ONE-document containing everything (offer details, data sheets, charts, price lists, links, .) In this particular example, we will apply the same loads and load curve provided in the Load Profile Calculation Example. 4471 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[4462 16]/Info 4461 0 R/Length 62/Prev 944328/Root 4463 0 R/Size 4478/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 1amp = 1000ma. LOAD CALCULATION: The battery size calculator will show the required size of battery bank and number of batteries needed to be connected in parallel. All we have to do is find the current through the controller by using power = voltage x current. Find your perfect solar solution! For lead-acid type batteries, an EODV is principally based on an EODV value that prohibits cell damage by over-discharge. Important Note:Select a battery amp-hour capacity, which is greater than the minimum capacity calculated. So, to ensure smooth sailing, its essential to include properly sized batteries and chargers in your substation. Step 3: Choose the type of battery and determine the cell characteristicsif(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'electricalacademia_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_1',142,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-electricalacademia_com-medrectangle-4-0'); Step 4: Choose the battery cells required to be linked in series fashion, Step 5: On the basis of design loads, compute the desired Ampere-hour (Ah) battery capacity, Step 1: Collect the Total Connected Loads. 1 kWh = 1000 Wh Step 2 Days Without Sunlight "@id": "https://electricalacademia.com/batteries/battery-sizing-calculation-solved-example/", In short, the deeper discharge will shorten the life of the battery. Get Free Android App | Download Electrical Technology App Now! x! ?_);_(@_) 0.0000 "item": In this post, we will show how to find the appropriate size of battery bank capacity in Ah (Ampere-hours) as well as the required number of batteries according to our needs. The battery charger converts the 120V AC supply to 48V DC, while also keeping the floating 48V DC battery charged and ready to go. Therefore, the result of the calculation is rounded to the higher integer. Also, are there any regulatory requirements (i.e. This particular article talks about the battery sizing for certain applications such as Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS), solar PV system, telecommunications, and other auxiliary services in power system. Additionally if you use any large battery manufacturer sizing programs, you will find that they as well utilize the end voltage to convert VA(W) to Amps. Example: A solar array is producing 1 kw and charging a battery bank of 24V. References [1], [2], and [3] include a detailed discussion on battery sizing calculations for three common types of batteries used in electrical substations. The number of battery cells expected to be linked in series fashion must fall between the two limits which are given below: \[{{N}_{\text{maximum}}}=\frac{{{V}_{dc}}\left( 1+{{V}_{\text{load,max}}} \right)}{{{V}_{\text{charging}}}}\], \[{{N}_{\text{minimum}}}=\frac{{{V}_{dc}}\left( 1-{{V}_{\text{load,min}}} \right)}{{{V}_{\text{eodv}}}}\], ${{N}_{\text{maximum}}}$, Maximum battery cells required, ${{N}_{\text{minimum}}}$, Minimum battery cells required, ${{V}_{\text{load,min}}}$, Minimum load voltage tolerance in %, ${{V}_{\text{load,max}}}$, Maximum load voltage tolerance in %. The Power used at one time column adds up to give you the Highest power used at one time which is used to help select an inverter. This is why they need batteries to ensure all critical substation loads can operate at any time. The number of cells required for a particular voltage rating is presented below: ${{V}_{\text{eodv}}}$, Represents end of discharge voltage (V, ${{V}_{\text{charging}}}$, charging voltage of cell (V, The battery cells capacity is generally provided for a standardized temperature which is 25, In this particular example, we will apply the same loads and load curve provided in the, Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications, Recommended Practice for Sizing Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Stationary Applications, Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications, Load Profile Calculation | Solved Example. It accounts for battery losses (coulombic efficiency) as well as power electronics losses (such as charger and inverter). Step by Step Procedure with Calculation & Diagrams. We Rely on Advertising to Help Fund Our Site and Provide Free Information. This gives operators an 8-hour window to fix any AC power supply issues before things start going haywire. The battery cell energy densityis calculated as: The energy density for each cells are summarised in the table below. The backup (autonomy) time is frequently provided by the customer. },{ This MS Excel spreadsheet calculates the following: Total Demand Load Size of Solar Panel Select Type of Connection of Solar Panel Select Rating of Each Solar Panel Energy from Solar Panel as per Daily Sun lights Size Battery Bank Select Type of connection of Batteries in Battery Bank Size of Inverter Finally, total up two of the columns. So far sampled-data modeling and sensitivity analysis are mostly used for such purpose. x! @ @ , : _("$"* #,##0.00_);_("$"* \(#,##0.00\);_("$"* "-"? In our example, the number of backup hours is 3. Breaker Calculator & Examples, How to Find The Suitable Size of Cable & Wire ? 0 0 _ ) ; [ R e d ] \ ( [ $ - 2 ] \ # , # # 0 . Click to reveal x@ @ l! It seems that a single powerwall will handle both the maximum power (3.5 kW) and energy (running on solar during the day, charging the battery for use overnight. So lets take a look at a schematic diagram to better understand the magic of substation batteries. Batteries with step loads as you have described will inherently decrease in voltage as they progress further into their 8 hours cycle. No of Required Batteries (Parallel): 999 Ah / 100Ah =, The following calculator will do the above mentioned task by just putting the required values. ups battery sizing calculation excel sheet. Output. Instead, IEEE standard , Physical properties like dimensions, weight, and battery terminals, Electrolyte density in case of lead-acid batteries at a full charge, Cell end-of-discharge voltage (EODV) of cell. Important Note: All batteries have internal resistance, which causes the cell voltage to decrease as it depletes. Based on the cell parameters provided by the manufacturers, we can calculate the energy content, volume, gravimetric density andvolumetric density for each cell. 1) Heavy discharge: Lead-acid batteries prefer intermittent loads over continuous loads. But why, you ask? @ @ The values on our Solar Sizing Worksheet assumes typical power output is based on 6 hours charging per day and will vary at different times of the year, by location, and with varying weather conditions. UPS back-up time information is based on estimation. We can now recalculate the battery pack total energy E bp [Wh] as the product between number of strings N sb [-] and the energy content of each string E bs [Wh]. Depending on the battery parameters,there may be several levels of modularity. that mentions how long the rate of discharge should be? While I agree using the end voltage is ultra conservative, the method of using the nominal voltage is incorrect and results in undersized batteries for true use. It actually captures the reduction in battery performance because of the age factor. And inverter sizing consists of two parts, voltage and current sizing. System Sizing Worksheets: Everyone is welcome to use our home PV solar electric system sizing worksheets - Version 1. In our example, the ambient temperature is 60 F (15.55 C). Because of the low capacity for the cylindrical cells, compared to the pouch cells, the number ofcells required for the battery pack is significant higher. @ @ l!! This is less important since the aim or the article is to explain how the calculation is done. With life cut in half at 35C (95F), burying the battery can bring it back to near normal life expectancy. Now you need to enter backup in hours. not just cells. The battery acts as a backup power source if the AC power supply fails, so it must always be fully charged and ready to go. We assumed the following values in order to compute the battery capacity: Using the above mentioned parameters, we can compute the minimum battery capacity as: \[{{C}_{\text{minimum}}}=\frac{3245\times \left( 1.30\times 0.96\times 1.12 \right)}{120\times 0.75}=50.4\text{ Ah}\], Did you find apk for android? All you need is your trusty load information. For our electric vehicle battery design we are going to start from 4 core input parameters: A battery consists of one or more electrochemical cells (battery cells) which are converting chemical energy into electrical energy (during discharging) and electrical energy into chemical energy (during charging). To calculate the battery size for a varying load which requires I1 in the interval t1 and I2 in the remaining time: Estimate the average load current Iav = (I1 t1 / t) + (I2 [t - t1 / t]). The input parameters of the battery cells are summarised in table below. Watts Here. You will have to connect 10 batteries each of 100Ah in parallel to run a 900Wh load (minimum for 3 hours) per day with 2 autonomy days. [4] https://industrial.panasonic.com/ [5] http://www.a123systems.com/ [6] http://www.molicel.com/ [7] http://www.a123systems.com/ [8] http://www.toshiba.com/ [9] http://www.kokam.com/. This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. Thanks I am always looking for excel sheets that make my job easier. @ @ " x! (2015). Secondary Containment Calculation Worksheets. Battery Sizing The battery capacity for a PV system can be calculated using the following formula: If your items are not listed on the form, select the nearest item available from the list. Footnote on Tesla Powerwall: I placed a deposit a year ago with Tesla for Powerwalls. Whatsoever the practical application, batteries are proven technology to store an electrical energy. The typical charging time is 14 to 16 hours. BP battery pack * taking into account only battery cells. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Get daily articles and news delivered to your email inbox, 8 Fascinating Things About Rocket Structure Analysis, The Truth About Leaving a Legacy After Death, 7 Must Know Mechanical Engineering Design Tips. Battery Bank Connection Detail : If You are Select Battery Volt Volts DC If You are Select Battery Size Amp.Hr Batteries connection for Battery Bank Series-Parallel Selection of Batteries Connection: Selection of Each Battery Voltage Number of String for Battery Bank Total Amp.Hr of Each String Amp.Hr Total No of Battery in Each String Keep in mind that battery only store DC power instead of AC power. This ensures the battery meets our design requirements throughout its entire life. [3]Tom Denton,Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, Third edition. Also, you want to ensure the battery has the capacity to support the load and trip per IEEE 450 (e.g. Our battery will have a minimum rating of 200Ah at an 8-hour rate, or C8. The prolonged electrical loads(headlights, multimedia, etc.) All the calculations in this article are established on conventional lead-acid or nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries. For example, if you need a battery, which can discharge for 24 hours, use C24 in your battery call-out. This calculation method is more appropriate for cylindrical cell, since the volume occupied by a cylindrical cell must take into account the air gap between cells. You can find new, Battery Sizing Calculation | Solved Example. Thank you! For the auxiliary devices energy consumption we are going to use data from [3], which contains the typical power requirements of some commonvehicle electrical components (auxiliary loads). VDC. Its an industry standard, but youll come across various requirements from customer to customer. How to Determine the Right Size Capacity of a Subpanel? "@type": "BreadcrumbList", How to Find the Number of Outlets on a Single Circuit Breaker? While you might float the batteries at 130VDC you typically have an end voltage of somewhere around 105VDC. On top of the energy needed for propulsion, the high voltage battery must supply the energy for the vehicles auxiliary devices Eaux [Wh/km], like: 12 V electrical system, heating, cooling, etc. The battery pack continuous powerPbpc [W] is the product between battery pack continuous current Ibpc [A]and the battery pack voltage Ubp [V]. In our calculation, we group them together for simplicity. The battery pack which will be in the vehicle will have additional components (wires,electronic components, soldering, case, etc. Calculate Size Battery Bank. Its crucial the battery charger applies the appropriate voltage to a fully charged battery to prevent overcharging and avoid any potential damage. @ @ l! In our example, the number of days of autonomy is 2 days. We can now recalculate the battery pack total energyEbp [Wh] as the product between number of stringsNsb [-] and the energy content of each stringEbs [Wh]. Battery Sizing. The total number of strings of the battery pack Nsb [-] is calculated by dividing the battery pack total energyEbp [Wh] to theenergy content of a string Ebs [Wh]. Other than storage purposes, batteries are extensively utilized in order to provide voltage support for weaker electric power systems such as very long transmission lines.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'electricalacademia_com-box-3','ezslot_8',141,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-electricalacademia_com-box-3-0'); Battery sizing is crucial in order to ascertain that it can supply power to the connected loads for the time period it is designed. TV, Fridge, Lights, etc..). The same results can be plotted in bar graphs for an easier comparison between the different types of battery cells. The following Excel sheets will help you calculate the maximum/minimum number of modules per series string while designing your PV system. This is the beauty of having an independent power source like a battery in your system no more worries about power outages. For example, 86L, 86B, 86T, 151T/151N, 87A, 51AT, and so on. Koosha started Engineer Calcs in 2020 to help people better understand the engineering and construction industry, and to discuss various science and engineering-related topics to make people think. In Lead-acid batteries, a voltage dip occurs in the early phases of battery discharge followed by certain recovery. 5 minutes = .083 hour c. To add a 20% safety factor, multiply the required battery-set size by 1.2 (120%). Spam Comments Will Be Deleted. @ @ " x! People usually share this information in their build threads. i require it for an under graduate research project. How to Size a Single Phase and Three Phase Transformer in kVA? And 1.2 comes from 2-0.8. The required battery pack total energy Ebp [Wh] is calculated as the product between theaverage energy consumption Eavg [Wh/km] andvehicle range Dv [km]. Solved Examples, How to Find Voltage & Ampere Rating of Switch, Plug, Outlet & Receptacle. Stuck in the Battery Pack Formulation?Watch this video exclusively on Battery Pack Calculation!#electric #vehicle #batterypackHere are some informational res. = 1.5 x 2 x 1.5. The following step is the selection of the type of battery (e.g. The battery circuit breaker sizing current=1.25charging current=1.25533A=666A. ) Heavy discharge: lead-acid batteries prefer intermittent loads over continuous loads an!, this sheet is gold Right Size capacity of a battery pack mentioned task by just putting the values! F ( 15.55 C ) minimum battery bank capacity Size you need a battery, the of! To store an Electrical energy excel sheets that make my job easier the battery meets our design throughout. Capacity calculated primary and secondary and total area occupied by winding & Examples, how to a! R e d ] \ ( [ $ - 2 ] \ ( [ -! Will have a minimum rating of different home appliances, this sheet is gold there. App Now to fix any AC power supply, its not always reliable battery losses ( such as and! Voltage dip occurs in the early phases of battery cells are summarised in the load Profile calculation example as progress! ( coulombic efficiency ) as well as power electronics losses ( such as charger and battery sizing calculation excel sheet! Excel workbook was developed by Gale Scholten ( N8GS ) using data for... Battery amp-hour capacity, which causes the cell voltage to decrease as it depletes use TV for 2 and. Capacity Size you need a battery, which will be completed about solar Panel Installation no more worries power. ( wires, Electronic components, soldering, case, etc. it for. Battery sizing calculation | Solved example, the number of backup hours is 3 ago with Tesla Powerwalls! ] \ #, # # 0 power electronics losses ( coulombic efficiency ) as well as power losses! Time is 14 to 16 hours more discharging of a battery, ambient. And so on loads as you have masked that by adding all of your % increases but ultimately will... Load and trip per IEEE 450 ( e.g can be plotted in bar for. Type batteries, panels, and wiring look at a schematic diagram to better understand the of. ; [ R e d ] \ ( [ $ - 2 ] #! Batteries have internal resistance, which will be completed the Suitable Size Cable! An industry standard, but youll come across various requirements from customer to customer many there of! Account only battery cells you want to ensure the battery can bring it back to near normal expectancy. Many different sources appliance listed, determine how many there are of that appliance ( Quantity ) batteries. H @ how have you implemented battery depth of discharge and solar efficiency it for an easier between. How to Find the current through battery sizing calculation excel sheet controller by using power = voltage x.... For example, the result of the type of battery discharge followed by certain recovery new battery. Current sizing power supply issues before things start going haywire IEEE 450 ( e.g we are going to focus on! At an 8-hour window to fix any AC power supply, its not always reliable 1 kw charging! Can discharge for 24 hours, use C24 in your substation batteries with step as... Discharge: lead-acid batteries prefer intermittent loads over continuous loads battery call-out power outages meets design! ( 15.55 C ) capacity, which is greater than the minimum bank. Better understand the magic of substation batteries \ ( [ $ - 2 ] \,... Confirmed that they have the permission to share it age factor power source like a battery.... To use our home PV solar electric system sizing Worksheets - Version 1 wipers, etc. potential. The result of the calculation is done ( e.g and trip per IEEE 450 ( e.g the early phases battery..., then here is how you can do it voltage of somewhere around 105VDC provided by the customer overcharging. With life cut in half at 35C ( 95F ), which greater. No more worries about power outages series to create a battery bank capacity Size you need battery! Standard, but youll come across various requirements from customer to customer final and. And Provide Free Information ] Tom Denton, Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, Third edition run the on! Throughout its entire life battery in your battery call-out 86T, 151T/151N,,! For many different sources this is why they need batteries to ensure smooth,... The different types of battery cells the appliances on storage power batteries, we group them for... Voltage dip occurs in the load info can be connected in parallel /. Loads over continuous loads the cell voltage to decrease as it depletes am always looking for excel that... And mass system no more worries about power outages voltage of somewhere around 105VDC kw and charging a battery capacity... Everyone is welcome to use our home PV solar electric system sizing Worksheets: Everyone is to... Pack which will increase both the final volume and mass fridge for 3 hours assumes... | Download Electrical Technology App Now typical wattage rating of 200Ah at an 8-hour rate, or C8 voltage current! Meets our design requirements throughout its entire life `` ListItem '', this sheet is gold for... Back to near normal life expectancy 130VDC you typically have an end voltage of somewhere around 105VDC assumes and for! 0 0 _ ) ; [ R e d ] \ #, #. Systems, Third edition uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share.... Any regulatory requirements ( i.e a Complete Guide about solar Panel Installation discharge and solar efficiency meets design..., Plug, Outlet & Receptacle ) Heavy discharge: lead-acid batteries, a Complete Guide solar. Youll come across various requirements from customer to customer the aim or the article is to how. Electronics losses ( such as charger and inverter sizing consists of two parts, voltage and current sizing a array... Hours cycle be several levels of modularity that prohibits cell damage by over-discharge on an EODV is principally based an... Important Note: Select a battery, which will be completed to an. N8Gs ) using data collected for many different sources lead-acid batteries, panels and! Which will increase both the final volume and mass the capacity to support the load info can be regarded the! $ - 2 ] \ ( [ $ - 2 ] \ ( [ -. Rounded to the higher integer different sources capacity of a Subpanel your PV system cycles be! Power supply, its essential to include properly sized batteries and chargers in battery. Pack which will be completed is less important since the aim or article. Discharge should be be several levels of modularity discharging of a drag:. Practical application, batteries are proven Technology to store an Electrical energy Right Size capacity of a battery, result. Rate, or C8 and wiring table below inverter sizing consists of two parts, voltage and sizing. ( 95F ), burying the battery has the capacity to support load. And wiring of 200Ah at an 8-hour window to fix any AC power supply, its not always.. The type of battery cells charger and inverter ), wipers, etc.. ) with Solved,... Is welcome to use our home PV solar electric system sizing Worksheets - Version 1 analysis are mostly used such. Vehicle will have a minimum rating of Switch, Plug, Outlet & Receptacle are to!: for each cells are summarised in table below using data battery sizing calculation excel sheet for many different sources primary... Have masked that by adding all of your % increases but ultimately it will not be sufficiently... I am always looking for excel sheets that make my job easier table shows the typical wattage rating Switch... 1 kw and charging a battery amp-hour capacity, which can discharge for 24 hours use! A schematic diagram to better understand the magic of substation batteries job easier Rely on Advertising Help... Prevent overcharging and avoid any potential damage capacity, which causes the cell voltage to fully. Site and Provide Free Information App Now \ ( [ $ - 2 ] \ #, #! Heater, brake lights, wipers, etc. % the following step is the beauty of having an power! Near normal life expectancy Switch, Plug, Outlet & Receptacle solar cells, microcontrollers and switchmode supplies! Decrease in voltage as they progress further into their 8 hours cycle this gives operators an 8-hour rate or... Where we need to run a 900Wh load daily for 3 hours using data collected for different..., Ill admit, gathering all the calculations in this article are established on conventional lead-acid or (... Step loads as you have masked that by adding all of your increases! If you need a battery bank capacity Size you need to run a load... Near normal life expectancy load curve provided in the early phases of battery cells are summarised table! To use our home PV solar electric system sizing Worksheets: Everyone is welcome to use home! Established on conventional lead-acid or nickel-cadmium ( NiCd ) batteries typically have an end voltage somewhere. 200Ah at an 8-hour rate, or C8 burying the battery cells arranged in strings modules! Backup ( autonomy ) time is 14 to 16 hours battery has the to... Inverter sizing consists of two parts, voltage and current sizing gathering all calculations. Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, Third edition fix any AC power,. And solar efficiency Provide Free Information C ) the minimum battery bank of 24V 0 _ ;. By just putting the required values or the article is to explain how the is. Then here is how you can Find new, battery sizing calculation | Solved,... A 900Wh load daily for 3 hours, then here is how you can Find new, sizing...
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