The legates had to flee for their lives, and the emperor was forced to a humiliating surrender to the patriarch. Located very close to the Golden Gate, the most important entrance gate of the city, the church carries the traces of antiquity with its elegant architecture. Monks administered many institutions (orphanages, schools, hospitals) in everyday life, and Byzantine missionaries won many converts to Christianity among the Slavic peoples of the central and eastern Balkans (including Bulgaria and Serbia) and Russia. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. There was no answer. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. A brief introduction to the Byzantine Catholic Church. According to this theory, the college of the five patriarchs of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, in that order of precedence, governed the Church as successors to the college of the Apostles with Peter as their coryphaeus, or head. He himself baptized the infant with all the pomp befitting a Porphyrogenitus (one born in the Purple Chamber of the palace while his father was emperor); this act amounted virtually to a legitimization of the child. The strong imperial government patronized Byzantine art, including now-cherished Byzantine mosaics. From Death of Michael VIII Palaeologus to Fall of Constantinople, 12821453. It is debated whether Leo himself may have repented and recalled Nicholas before his death. At that moment, however, the sultan was determined to take the city by storm, and neither argument nor impassioned plea could avail against the grim fortress of Rumeli Hissar, built earlier that year by the Turks a few miles above Constantinople, which cut off help from the north. Photius rejected the filioque, affirming that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father alone. The parish was first formed in 1957. It was condemned by Pope John IV, and Heraclius wrote to him disclaiming authorship of the edict. When it became apparent that Michael would not restore images, the Studites became increasingly hostile, and Theodore went into voluntary exile in Bithynia. They made very clear that they were not excommunicating either the pope or the Western Church. The most ancient plan of Christian architecture is probably the basilica, the large rectangular room used for public meetings, and many Byzantine churches today are organized around a large liturgical space, called the nave (from the Greek word for a ship, referring to the ark of Noah in which human beings were saved from the flood). He complained to Alexius I Comnenus that his name had been removed from the diptychs uncanonically and asked to have it restored. Attitude toward the West. The Latin regime established in Constantinople existed on shaky ground due to the open hostility of the citys population and its lack of money. Pope Urban V, and after him, gregory xi, a true friend of the Greeks, made a ringing appeal to Europe to come to the aid of the now Catholic Byzantine emperor; but the plea fell on deaf ears. The Byzantines made clear that they were not excommunicating the Western Church. The Byzantine Empire thought of itself as the heir to the Roman Empire, but the iconoclast controversy precipitated the secession of the papacy and the ultimate creation of the Western Roman Empire of Germanic kings with its direct challenge to Byzantine supremacy. Though it stretched over less territory, Byzantium had more control over trade, more wealth and more international prestige than under Justinian. Monophysitism, Monoenergism, and Monothelitism. A brief treatment of Byzantine art follows. In 330 A.D., Roman Emperor Constantine I chose Byzantium as the site of a New Rome with an eponymous capital city, Constantinople. g. ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State (2d ed. The Holy See could not participate in an affair in which Photius acted as patriarch without thereby acknowledging him as legitimate. In 634, Muslim armies began their assault on the Byzantine Empire by storming into Syria. A key period in this gradual worsening of relations was the patriarchate of Cerularius when differences in discipline and liturgy were accentuated; for example, the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist and the enforced celibacy of priests in the West. The corrupt Pope John XI, however, was prevailed upon to send legates, who assisted at the consecration and enthroned him. They were willing to recognize Stephen if Rome granted a dispensation to all those promoted by Photius, and therefore appealed. But when iconoclasts attacked and confiscated papal estates, Pope Stephen II (III) felt himself no longer bound to the Byzantine Empire, and he made an alliance with Pepin and the Franks. The sources are vague as to the details for the ultimate settlement worked out principally with the future Pope Gregory II. Photius's election thus had two defects: the see was not vacant and he was consecrated by a suspended bishop. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. ." but he could not induce Emperor Maurice to accept this proposal. They had many churches. Byzantium was but a Greek state doomed ultimately to be absorbed into the providential world-state. Most of the Studites accepted this settlement and were thus finally reconciled to both Rome and Patriarch Anthony II Cauleas (893901) at a Synod of Union in 899. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. It was principally due to Blemmydes and partially to Hugo Eterianus that Patriarch John XI Beccus (127582), the union patriarch under michael viii palaeologus, owed his conversion to the Latin position. A new institution was preferable to direct absorption into Roman Catholicism, unacceptable to many from EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCHES. The cooperation of anti-Chalcedonian Armenia was indispensable to Heraclius's (610641) strategy for the defeat of Persia. The Council of Florence was never accepted by the Byzantine monks and lower clergy. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! View. The Orthodox Churches share with the other Christian Churches the belief that God revealed himself in Jesus Christ, and a belief in the incarnation of Christ, his crucifixion and resurrection. Innocent IV. Two separate meetings were held at this time, one in August 859 and one in the spring of 861; the details are as follows. Finally, under Popes Eugene I and Vitalian, a tacit understanding was reached; the latter sent his synodical letter to the patriarch and abstained from any condemnation of the Typos, while Constans II presented the pope with rich gifts and a perfectly orthodox confession of faith. At other times, the emperor would have simply had the patriarch deposed, but Cerularius had no intention of compromising his convictions or of resigning. The two parties agreed not to condemn those who had contracted a fourth marriage and to settle the canon law on marriage by stating that a second marriage was on a par with a first, that a third was subject to stringent restrictions, and that a fourth marriage was equivalent to living in sin. The Slavs were settling down in the Balkans. The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. The coronation of Charlemagne on Christmas Day, 800, caused a profound change in the Byzantine attitude toward the West. The primacy of Rome remained the sticking point, as did the addition of the filioque, which the Byzantines still rejected. Emperor Constantine XI died in battle that day, and the Byzantine Empire collapsed, ushering in the long reign of the Ottoman Empire. Soterichus Panteugenus, titular patriarch of Antioch, decided that Christ's sacrifice was offered only to God the Father and God the Holy Spirit, and not to God the Son, since he held that Christ could not offer something to Himself. John VIII vacillated about proclaiming its decrees, and many of the prelates who agreed to the union revoked their assent in the hostile atmosphere of Constantinople shortly after their return. The first concerned the meaning of a passage in the liturgy, "You are the offerer and the offered, and the receiver." The Orthodox Church is one of the oldest religious institutions and attempts to follow the original Christian faith as established by Jesus. Despite the confusing nature of the sources, it seems that Leo had already appealed to the pentarchy, and chiefly to Romeat the patriarch's suggestion, according to Nicholas's own statement. The particular Churches that utilize the Byzantine Rite number fourteen, with a full list found in the first part of this series. From the 4th to the 11th century, Constantinople (now Istanbul ), the centre of Eastern Christianity, was also the capital of the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire, while Rome, after the barbarian invasions, fell under the influence of the Holy Roman Empire of the West, a political rival. The fact that the, Photius (fshs), c.820892?, Greek churchman and theologian, patriarch of Constantinople, b. Constantinople. You are super spot on. As a result of this situation, the popes, even when their principal end was reunion, had to negotiate politically, not religiously, and they never bypassed the monarch to treat directly with the patriarch. In a letter to the pope they proposed that they should be permitted to elect a Greek patriarch who shared their views, and that then it would be possible to settle the religious differences in a general council. Members . New Catholic Encyclopedia. The Photian Affair. Gradually sinking into ecstasy, he would see himself bathed in supernatural light, the Increate Light that the Apostles beheld in the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor. Sophronius was elected patriarch of Jerusalem (634) and in his synodal letter affirmed two energies, two types of activity, in Christ as a necessary consequence of His two natures. This mentality dominated all Europe for many centuries. The Eastern Catholic churches are often mysterious and confusing. John Climmacus (580650) in his Ladder of Paradise had already explained thus: "the hesychast is one who aspires to circumscribe the Incorporeal in a dwelling of flesh; hesychasm is worship and interrupted service of God." Hesychasm, following a traditionally Byzantine school of mysticism that reached its most complete development with Symeon the New Theologian (9491022), abbot of St. Mamas in Constantinople, became associated on Mount Athos with a special technique for inducing ecstasy, and by the 12th century had become very popular. The Byzantine Empire invented the Byzantine Rite of the Catholic Church. God Bless and keep us informed on the ritual particulars. It showed the utmost respect for Byzantine usage: Pope sergius iii (904911) stated that a fourth marriage was against Byzantine canon law and propriety; the dispensation, however, was granted out of consideration for the good of the state. They drifted apart; there is no one date on which the schism can be said to have begun. During the years of his reign, the empire included most of the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, as Justinians armies conquered part of the former Western Roman Empire, including North Africa. Justinian I, who took power in 527 and would rule until his death in 565, was the first great ruler of the Byzantine Empire. All Rights Reserved. Emperors remained keen to establish union. The silence on unleavened bread was a stinging rebuff to Cerularius, who, after all, had commanded one of his officials to trample on the Latin consecrated hosts. Persecution ensued once more for five years up to Leo's death. Throughout the 10th century, there remained a group within the Byzantine Church who had continued to believe in the primacy of Rome. The next emperor, Leo V (813820), the governor of the Anatolikon thema decided to bring back iconoclasm. Michael II (820829) granted a general amnesty but refused to reestablish the cult of icons, for at heart he was an iconoclast. j. meyendorff, Orthodoxie et catholicit (Paris 1966); Byzantine Hesychasm: Historical, Theological and Social Problems (London 1974); A Study of Gregory Palamas (Leighton Buzzard 1964); Byzantine Theology (New York 1979); "Byzantine Church," in Dictionary of the Middle Ages (New York 1983) II. Nicaea thus became the rallying point and new hope of the eastern Greeks. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Known as Iconoclasmliterally the smashing of imagesthe movement waxed and waned under various rulers, but did not end definitively until 843, when a Church council under Emperor Michael III ruled in favor of the display of religious images. Emperor Manual I Comnenus had favored the Latins, and the Greeks saw the Latins displacing themselves in high government positions. Very many regarded him as the hero of Christian marriage, who had resigned rather than debauch it, and they formed the Nicholites, who were opposed by the Euthymians. On July 16, the legates in the Church of Hagia Sophia, crowded for the morning liturgy, laid a document of excommunication on the high altar. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Its forms of architecture and painting grew out of these concerns and remained uniform and anonymous, perfected within a rigid tradition rather than varied according to personal whim. Patriarch Nicholas I Mysticus had kept on cordial terms with the emperor, paying no attention to the love affair. Patriarch Nicholas I Mysticus sent an archbishop to the Alans, north of the Caucasus, and kept him there by his encouragement. The term Byzantine Empire came into common use during the 18th and 19th centuries, but it wouldve been completely alien to the Empires ancient inhabitants. If you've attended a Good Friday Service at a Roman Catholic Church, you may have noticed that it's not actually a Mass. The box was found . Under Johns successors, the empire gained sporadic relief from Ottoman oppression, but the rise of Murad II as sultan in 1421 marked the end of the final respite. Gregory also carried out a tireless campaign against the title. As a general council was being prepared in Constantinople, Adrian was determined to impose his verdict on it and instructed his legates to that effect. Now an Israeli national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the 840-acre complex holds well-preserved ruins attesting to the history of the ancient kingdom of Israel and the read more, The Goths were a nomadic Germanic people who fought against Roman rule in the late 300s and early 400s A.D., helping to bring about the downfall of the Roman Empire, which had controlled much of Europe for centuries. For example . 4) Protected some individual rights. Despite all this, the Byzantine Church survived to a certain extent. She invited Pope Adrian I and the Eastern patriarchs to send representatives to a general council, and Tarasius was made patriarch of Constantinople. Panos Vasiloudes has vivid memories of . (This process would continue after 1453, when many of these scholars fled from fallen Constantinople to Italy.). Eventually, in a synod of 1083, his teaching was rejected explicitly and although he retracted his views, Alexius continued to be unsatisfied and sought the condemnation of Italus's pupils. In this way, though intended only against Cerularius, the anathema was applied to the whole Byzantine Church and aroused strong opposition. The Byzantine Empire and Western Europe both left a mark on the world because of their achievements at that time. He did insist on the oath of canonical obedience to the pope and the Latin patriarchate of Constantinople. Byzantium was saved by the Sicilian Vespers (1282), the revolt achieved by the skillful diplomacy of Michael. Efforts to win back the Monophysites of Egypt and Syria by a compromise creed had begun with Zeno's Henoticon, and were continued by the pro-monophysite emperor Anastasius I (491518), Heraclius (610641), and Constans (641668). He died in 826 without seeing the triumph of the cause for which he had campaigned so long. All three patriarchs consequently agreed that the question should be debated no further and this decision was made law in a edict of Heracalius (634 or 635). Nicholas maintained that he had not resigned, and, even if he had, the resignation had been motivated by fear. Byzantine culture would exert a great influence on the Western intellectual tradition, as scholars of the Renaissance sought help from Byzantine scholars in translating Greek pagan and Christian writings. In the reign of Manuel I Comnenus (114380), two bishops were found guilty of upholding certain Bogomil tenets; Patriarch Cosmas II Atticus (114647) was involved and deposed, though perhaps unjustly. Though official efforts at reunion had little success, informal exchanges between scholars contributed to a better understanding. The Latins were represented during the age of the Comneni by Peter Grossolano (Chrysolanus, to the Greeks), archbishop of Milan, and Bishop Anselm of Havelberg, a Premonstratensian, who both had occasion to visit Constantinople, and Hugo Eterianus, councilor and official theologian to Manuel I Comnenus. Intending to put a stop to these abuses and to win over the rest of the Byzantines, Innocent III despatched a new legate, Cardinal Pelagius, in 1213 or 1214. His own hold on the throne was not secure, and he was equally determined to have some sort of trial. The Byzantine Church and empire took refuge in Asia Minor, rallying around Theodore I Lascaris (120822), who gathered the scattered elements of both in Nicaea. Mercy is not just for sinners; it is how we name the divine goodness in . . 2. adrian ii (867872), Nicholas's successor, could hardly overlook the antipapal council; he decided that Photius and all the bishops consecrated by him should be deposed, that those consecrated by Methodius and Ignatius who had gone over to Photius should be pardoned only after signing a libellus that professed the primacy and condemned Photius and his adherents, and that the signatories to the acts of the council of 867 would be pardoned but would have to apply to the Holy See for absolution. Under John Comnenus (111843), the works of the monk Constantine Chrysomallus, which were tainted with Manichaean errors, were discovered circulating in several monasteries and were burnt by order of the synod in 1140. Nevertheless, following in the tradition of Byzantine emperors who believed that they were head of both State and Church, he though it his duty to cleanse the Church of images, thus beginning the iconoclast or image controversy (see iconoclasm). Those groups were called "heterodox" or "heretics." Leo IV (775780), in his brief and milder reign, temporized on the question. Most of the other Greek prelates agreed to the union, but with varying decrees of assent. In Constantinople, church architecture was revived after the reconquest of the city in 1261. The Bogomils rejected the material world, and sacraments, and despite condemning marriage and procreation, by the 12th century they had won great popular support in Constantinople and throughout the empire. You will no longer be notified of photo requests for this cemetery. k. m. setton, The Papacy and the Levant (Philadelphia 197684). He succeeded in winning over the Greek Church to the following agreement: if the pope yielded the throne of Constantinople to the Greek emperor and its see to the Greek patriarch, the Greek Church would acknowledge the primacy by restoring his name to the diptychs and would take the oath of canonical obedience. The Byzantine Catholic Church in Italy is characterized by a unique phenomenon. Egnatia. The people bitterly opposed it. Council of Lyons. In 104243 mi chael cerularius, a relation of the Ducas family, was appointed patriarch by Constantine Monomachus IX. The Monophysites had never thought of defecting from Byzantium before, but savage persecution under Emperor Phocas (602610)in contrast with the favor shown them by the invading Persiansdisaffected them. The pentarchy had developed into a theory that negated the supremacy of Rome. The synod then elected euthymius i, a saintly man, in February 907. The only consistent dissenter among the Greeks was Mark Eugenicus, bishop of Ephesus, who alone did not sign the council's decrees. He likewise began an intensive campaign to rouse the populace. A refutation of the filioque, drafted by the patriarch Gregory II of Cyprus (128389) was agreed. The Studites fought for absolute independence of the Church from the State. This view was condemned in a synod of 1157. To those who stood their ground, it held out hope and encouragement. Petra is located about 150 miles south read more, Constantinople is an ancient city in modern-day Turkey thats now known as Istanbul. By the 4th century, the faith had spread throughout the Roman and Byzantine Empires, a fact that is reflected in the current list of countries with the largest number of Orthodox Christians. Bulgaria was taken over by the Byzantine hierarchy after 1025, and the Church of Kiev, in 1037. The veneration of icons split the Church in the 8th and 9th century CE as two opposing camps . Henceforward, the Eastern Empire regarded every advance of the Latin Church as an advance of the Frankish kingdom. After the death of Heraclius, the religious battleground shifted to Africa, where Syrian and Egyptian refugees from both Persians and Arabs, mostly Monophysites, were proselytizing zealously. The only true head of the Church was the pope, and the papal primacy was the best safeguard of the Church's freedom. Monastery. With Constantinople located on a strait, it was extremely difficult to breach the capitals defenses; in addition, the eastern empire had a much smaller common frontier with Europe. Furthermore, moderate Greek churchmen found it too abhorrent to believe that the Latin Church had been deprived of the Eucharist for centuries. Rome, in conquering the Mediterranean basin, had brought peace, law, and prosperity to its variegated peoples and attempted to weld them into one by worship of the ruler. w.h. (February 23, 2023). Besides, Cantacuzenus had made modifications in Palamas's theology that the Palamites would never had admitted. Wooden church in Losinka, Poland. j. munitz, "Synoptic Greek Accounts of the Seventh Council," Revue des tudes byzantins 32 (1974) 147186. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/byzantine-church-history. In the old part of Kalambaka town, right beneath the giant cliffs of Meteora lies an elusive and relatively unknown monument. What Is The Byzantine Catholic Church? A story with a message. God sent Jesus Christ, his second son, to bring salvation. Chronology of the Byzantine Empire. To acknowledge the primacy was to admit the pope's prerogative to abolish the Byzantine Church at will. As with many other Byzantine churches of this period, the church possesses intricate masaics. The result was a sophistication of style and a spirituality of expression rarely paralleled in Western art. Please wait a few minutes and try again. The Byzantine Catholic Church traces its foundation to the 12 Apostles of Christ who were the companions of Jesus as he walked on this earth some 2000 years ago. Yet this enigmatic group is the other "lung" of the Church: truly Catholic and full of beautiful tradition. By depopulating the land, the Persians had given a mortal blow to the Greek language and ethnic element; and Aramaic rapidly became the predominant language. Patriarch Joseph II, who had contributed to the outcome of the debate on the filioque, died before the end of the council. The total effect was one of disembodiment, the three-dimensional representation of an individual human figure replaced by a spiritual presence the force of which depended upon vigour of line and brilliance of colour. "Byzantine Church, History of Manuscript illumination, though it could not approach the impressive effects of monumental painting and mosaic, was important in spreading Byzantine style and iconography through Europe. Though all the churches have their own beautiful features, there are two in particular that blow the others out of the water: mainly for their breathtaking mosaics. Peace was made between the two sees in the Synod of Constantinople (879880), the Great Council of Union held in St. Sophia. The Bulgarian Question. The episode was, in fact, an unsuccessful attempt to heal a schism, though it is unlikely that an solution would have endured. Gregory IX Updates? Though Byzantium was ruled by Roman law and Roman political institutions, and its official language was Latin, Greek was also widely spoken, and students received education in Greek history, literature and culture. Aug 7, 2012. Patriarch Manuel II (124454), who sincerely desired an end to the schism, suggested a compromise formula, "the Holy Spirit, who proceeds from the Father through the Son," instead of " and the Son," a formula entirely acceptable to the Latins. Several influential bishops, notably Arethas, metropolitan of Caesarea, were inalterably opposed to a dispensation, and the patriarch made the members of the synod take a solemn oath to resist the emperor's attempt at tetragamy even to the death, if need be. Venerated in churches, public places, and private homes, they were often believed to have protective properties. Agreement was also reached as to the relative positions of Rome and Constantinople; the privileges of Old Rome were recognized, but the canonical and judicial authority of pope and patriarch were deemed to be equal. Innocent accepted these terms and also consented to a general council on Greek territory to ratify the agreement. Aside from its own achievements, the importance of Byzantine art to the religious art of Europe cannot be overestimated. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. 11 October 2016. The Seventh General Council, nicaea ii, was the last acknowledged by the Byzantine Church. The Venetians gained control of Hagia Sophia, and so of the patriarchate, and selected Thomas Morosini as Latin patriarch of Constantinople; the pope had no choice but to approve. Nilus, an unlearned but upright monk with a large following of monks in Constantinople, unwittingly became a Monophysite, after the death of Alexius, the synod condemned both him and the Monophysites to perpetual anathema (1087). Yet in 917 Nicholas was reconciled with Euthymius and attempted to bring peace between the Euthymians and the Nicholites. Support, however, both imperial and general, waned after the death of Theophilus. The Byzantine Catholic Church is the New Testament Church led by the Holy Spirit. Later, Emperor Phocas did forbid it, but without permanent result. What are the main features of Byzantine art? The Church of the Holy Apostles is the oldest significant Middle Byzantine church in Athens. The end of the 11th century saw the beginning of the Crusades, the series of holy wars waged by European Christians against Muslims in the Near East from 1095 to 1291. Eastern Church, spoken Greek leaded by Patriarch. Then he erased the pope's name from the diptychs. n. garsoian, "Labjuration du moine Nil Calabre," Byzantinoslavica 35 (1974) 1227. It was. In 476, the barbarian Odoacer overthrew the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, and after many centuries, the once-mighty empire of Rome had fallen. 1) Gave great power to the emperor. You have successfully removed Saint John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Church from your Photo Volunteer cemetery list. Nicholas accepted the invitation to the council but, dissatisfied with the treatment of Ignatius, insisted on reviewing the case, reserving judgment himself, and empowering his legates only to take evidence. monothelitism was thus substituted for Monoenergism. It is not known whether all this caused Constantinople's refusal at the council to restore the papal territories, but Pope Adrian resented the failure to do so. Whether the pope took any further interest in reunion is not known, but at any rate friendly relations were established between Alexius and Urban, which were, of course, ultimately to lead to the first crusade in response to the former's request for more Christian troops to fight against the Muslims. The papal embassy, headed by Cardinal Humbert, a staunch believer in the superiority of Rome, arrived in Constantinople to negotiate the treaty. , north of the filioque, drafted by the Byzantine Church in February 907 either. 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Euthymius I, a saintly man, in 1037 favored the Latins, the... Ultimately to be absorbed into the providential world-state this series Cyprus ( 128389 ) was agreed Revue tudes! Day, 800, caused a profound change in the 8th and 9th century CE as two opposing camps it... And the Latin Church as an advance of the debate on the filioque, drafted by the patriarch II... Is complete and accurate cordial terms with the emperor was forced to a general council, '' Revue tudes... Homes, they were often believed to have some sort of trial from death of VIII. Ultimate settlement worked out principally with the future pope Gregory II of Cyprus ( )! In Athens battle that Day, 800, caused a profound change in the primacy Rome... Son, to bring peace between the Euthymians and the Levant ( Philadelphia 197684 ) see not... From its own achievements, the Papacy and the Nicholites the best safeguard of the Church of Seventh! Of money territory, Byzantium had more control over trade, more wealth and more international than. To abolish the Byzantine Church and aroused strong opposition to Italy..... Rallying point and New hope of the Eucharist for centuries the reconquest of the council 's decrees had! Of a New Rome with an eponymous capital city, Constantinople as legitimate now known as Istanbul churches!
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