Follow the instructions on the bottle. WebA retinal detachment occurs when the retina lifts away from its normal position against the inside of the back of the eye. % This will blur your vision significantly at first, but your vision will gradually improve as the bubble dissipates. Try to not get water or soap directly into your eye. After the surgery, youll need to: Wear an eye patch, usually for about a day Use eye drops to reduce swelling and prevent infections Avoid some activities like doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.11.014. Once a tear occurs, fluid can pool underneath the retina and cause it to detach from the back of the eye. Double vision can occur and will usually resolve over the first few days. Retinal detachment surgery is considered an emergency procedure. Will my eye be red? Here are some things to consider: As with any medical procedure, there are both pros and cons to driving after retinal detachment surgery. WebYou may have a scheduled appointment the day after the procedure. My surgery", "It was an emergency surgery so he wasn't recommended but I am a patient with one", "I had a detached retina,multiple retina tears, excessive scar tissue. During my cornea transplant surgery one of my eyes didn't go so well. WebThe most common restrictions following retinal detachment repair include avoiding air travel, maintaining certain head positions, and avoiding high-level visual tasks. All Rights Reserved. Keep your head in a specific position (such as turned to the side) for several days to maintain the position of the air bubble (your healthcare provider will give you precise instructions on head positioning), Avoid strenuous exercise, heavy lifting, and other activities (such as taking an airplane flight) until your eye heals, Attend a follow-up visit (according to your healthcare providers instruction) to ensure your eye is healing properly, Report vision that gets worse, unrelieved pain, or excessive swelling, as well as any other concerns after the surgery. To perform surgery of the retina, eye surgeons often rely on a procedure called a vitrectomy. I dont remember the eye being itchy although it is a long time ago. Conversely, patients are at a high risk of legal blindness (less than 20/200) if the macula has been detached for an extended period of time. The fact that I have macular degeneration doesnt mean you will. @bjackie, do you know if you had some scarring before the surgery? Recovering with your head down allows the bubble to float into the correct position. Sherry Christiansen is a medical writer with a healthcare background. About 1 in 100 patients develop a retinal detachment, which will need to be repaired. How much vision you get back will depend on the exact condition of your retina, but it is possible to have your retina restored fully after the procedure. In some instances, blurred vision, mild swelling and/or eye redness may occur. Below our doctors discuss what to expect during recovery after a retinal detachment or tear. Talk to your doctor if your vision gets worse and you have serious pain in your eye. Everything seemed to be fine; however, I just came back from my follow up and the doctor is The eye will be dilated and its possible to have a mild headache afterwards. Retinal detachment happens when your retina (a light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of your eye) is pulled away from its normal position. You should see the redness gradually decreasing over the next 3 to 4 weeks. Some people may need more than one type of surgery at once. Wear loose-fitting clothing and comfortable nonskid shoes or slippers. Never miss your scheduled appointments with your doctor because regular checkups are of immense importance. However, we will follow up with suggested ways to find appropriate information related to your question. Of course you can drive after a retinal detachment! National Eye Institute. Here are some of the key points to consider: Here are some of the most common questions about driving after retinal detachment surgery: Retinal detachment surgery can cause significant changes to your vision, so its important to understand the timeline for when you can safely drive after the procedure. If treatment of a detached retina is not performed immediately (within approximately 24 hours), permanent partial or complete vision loss can result. You may also experience blurry vision, eye irritation, redness, swelling, double vision, or an increased sensitivity to light. (Note: Is this article not meeting your expectations? Om 2007 I had to have one of the buckles removed as it came loose. Please refer to your Discharge Instructions for specific care procedures. You may use ice on your eye to reduce swelling and any bruising. Always wash your hands before using drops or ointment. The facedown position is often the biggest challenge that patients report during recovery from retinal detachment repair. Last week I was told there is now scarring developing along with cataracts. https://www.healthline.com/health/retinal-detachment-repair. You may NOT go swimming or emerge your face in water until instructed by Dr. Stelton. Swelling may worsen or last longer if you are instructed to maintain any face-down positioning after surgery by the doctor. The first group was encouraged to resume full physical activity immediately after hospital discharge. You do not need to wear an eye patch after the patch is removed by your doctor at your first post-operative appointment (usually the day after surgery) unless specifically directed to by Dr. Stelton. It is common to feel change in brightness after your surgery, so you may consider keeping a flashlight with you at nighttime. It is quite common to feel your eyelids a bit sticky or itchy after the procedure. A substance (such as gas, oil, a bubble of air, or another type of solution to push the retina back into place) is inserted to replace the vitreous.This substance will eventually be naturally replaced with fluid that your eye will automatically produce. The main symptom you may experience with a macular pucker is that straight lines look wavy. Laser Cataract Surgery: Everything You Need to Know. Your healthcare provider will instruct you to: A vitrectomy procedure is similar to a pneumatic retinopexy, but it is a longer, more complicated procedure that is performed in a surgical suite in the hospital instead of in the healthcare providers office. The bubble holds the retina in place to heal correctly. Heres what she had to say: What is the typical timeline for driving after retinal detachment surgery? Wipe the eyelids gently from the nose outward. After surgery, you may need to stay in the hospital for a short time and it might take a few weeks before your vision starts getting better. Of course you can drive after a retinal detachment! Surgeon know wants to see me every 5 days to check on the progress of the scarring to see if a second surgery is needed now,cataracts to be dealt with later. You will be given different kinds of eye drops after surgery. This helps keep the bubble pressed against the retinal tear and retina. Issues like light flashes or floaters may take longer to resolve on their own. Nausea and vomiting can adversely affect the eye, and it is important to avoid this. Old age is a common cause of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment due to the fact that the vitreous can shrink or change texture and liquefy in older adults. Answer: Of course you can drive after a retinal detachment! Most people regain their vision after surgery and enjoy excellent vision after retinal detachment, thanks to astonishing advances in modern retinal surgery. But even if you lost your visionbecause Exploring the World of Knowledge and Understanding. Retinal detachment is a medical emergency, and early treatment isimportant to protect your vision. It is important to seek immediate medical help because it is possible to restore your vision with greater success when the procedure is performed before the central area or macula is detached. Retinal Detachment Types. Driving After Retinal Detachment Surgery: What You Need to Know, How to Start a Revolution: A Guide to Taking Action, How to Be More Ladylike: Speak Softly, Dress Modestly, Carry Yourself with Grace, How to Eat Babka: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners, How to Wire a Weed Eater: A Step-by-Step Guide. Memory usage: 66112.0KB, Tips to Fasten Recovery after Surgery for Detached Retina, 7 Reasons Why You Have Blurry Peripheral Vision. Although it is an in-office procedure, a full recovery for a scleral buckle usually takes two to four weeks. Avoid flying as changes in pressure can impact the bubble and cause dangerous side effects. A small bubble of air is inserted into the eye (the bubble will be visible in your peripheral vision, and it will dissipate on its own in time). Your surgeon uses a laser to heat small pinpoints on the retina. Surgical repair of a retinal detachment typically involves the injection of a gas bubble into the eye, which temporarily stabilizes the retina while laser treatment provides long term attachment. Weban eye patch after the patch is removed by your doctor one day after surgery. Really need feedback from someone whose been in my place. You may experience redness and swelling for up to a month after a scleral buckle. Web(After a while, the eye makes new fluid that fills in the space again.) Laser or freezing techniques may be performed to prevent a retinal tear or detachment from reopening. Ask your eye doctor about applying an ice pack to your eye to reduce swelling. The success rate for a detached retina surgery is quite high and is up to 90% in most cases. Depending on the type of work you do, it may take up to 4 weeks before you resume normal activities once again. During scleral buckle surgery, your doctor will put a tiny, flexible band around the white part of your eye. Recovery after a retinal tear is nothing like the recovery after retinal detachment surgery and much easier! I guess patience is wise but I'm getting impatient. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. You should always follow the advice of your physician. Until the bubble fully resolves, please remember not to travel on planes or drive through mountains due to bubbles expanding with elevations over 2,000 feet. Preparing for retinal detachment surgery involves many of the same practices that other types of surgery require, such as: You will have specific instructions from your healthcare provider regarding what to do on the day of your surgery. Current time: 03/01/2023 10:32:04 p.m. UTC Reading may be uncomfortable for several days but using the eye will not cause any damage. Learn more about vitrectomy. I have a passion for learning and enjoy explaining complex concepts in a simple way. Keep us posted on your progress. The excess fluid is usually associated with leaks from abnormal blood vessels or swelling from inflammation, infection, or tumors. Exudative retinal detachment happens when fluid builds up behind your retina, but there arent any tears or breaks in your retina. For clothing, avoid wearing sweatshirts and instead wear a button-up that you can take off without changing your head position. Be patient, see the surgeon as he recommends. Exudative retinal detachment: This type of detachment occurs when fluid accumulates behind the retina. Be sure to follow your doctors instructions and take extra precautions, such as taking regular breaks and avoiding night driving. One drop (Durezol or prednisolone, milky fluid) is for inflammation after eye surgery. While retinal detachment surgery has a greater than 90% success rate according to the National Eye Institute, it may still take weeks to months to see clearly. I still can't understand how I", "Hi Jackie, I can understand your concern. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Go to the Eye Conditions Support Group. A rhegmatogenous retinal detachment can also occur in association with eye trauma, previous eye surgery, or nearsightedness. This creates scarring that usually binds (welds) the retina to the underlying tissue. Then I had detached retinas in both eyes back in 1988 and 1989 resulting in sacral buckles and several laser treatments to fix tears. "I also had a detached retina in 1965 which resulted in a scleral buckle. For example, patients have a positive prognosis if the macula (central area of vision) is not involved. Simply pull down the lower lid and squeeze one drop into the eye. Complete the equation before submitting the form, Web Marketing Powered by Ceatus Media Group, Elman Retina Group Provides ForeseeHome Services. Some discomfort is normal and expected following surgery. Laser surgery can repair a retinal tear or hole. Complete your request online or contact us by phone. I am relating to you, your concerns and fears when it comes to your eye and what you're feeling. Surgery for retinal detachment. All of these techniques can successfully repair a detached retina. Other times, you may experience floaters, flashes of light, or a shadow in your vision when the vitreous pulls on the retina. The gas bubble dissolves a few days following the procedure. If you have retinal detachment, you will probably need some sort of procedure. It is possible for the retina to detach itself from the underlying tissue inside the eye. The detached retina becomes deprived of nutrients from choroidal circulation and loses function, resulting in scotoma, or loss of vision, in the area of the retinal detachment. The white of the eye will be red for about a week. Get ophthalmologist-reviewed tips and information about eye health and preserving your vision. Today I have early dry macular degeneration which has remained fairly stable and now some macular edema which is being treated and is almost gone. He has to answer them. Most people regain their vision after surgery and enjoy excellent vision after retinal detachment, thanks to astonishing advances in modern retinal surgery. Recently retired not how I planned it to begin. For the most part, patients are even able to drive and work after laser treatment for a retinal tear, and there is no bubble needed (unlike in retinal detachment repairs). The eye will be dilated and its possible to have a mild headache afterwards. The buckle may be kept in place permanently or it may be a temporary buckle that will be removed once the retina has healed. You may be discharged the same day or you may need to stay overnight (depending on your surgeons instructions), Wear an eye patch over your eye for a few days, Take pain medication when needed according to your discharge instructions, Avoid any activity that involves a change in altitude, such as an airplane flight, Position your head in a strategic position (usually to one side) for a long period, according to your healthcare providers instructions, Avoid driving until your healthcare provider advises that your vision has returned, Avoid strenuous activity and heavy lifting until your healthcare provider gives you the okay, Follow up with your healthcare provider as instructed to ensure your eye is healing, Inform your healthcare provider of any worsening in vision, unrelieved pain, or extensive swelling, Bleeding into the vitreous body (hemorrhage), Double vision or loss of vision (rarely occurs), Loss of the eye (an extremely rare risk, considering the advances in modern surgical techniques), Detached retina located in positions of 4 and 8 oclock (although this is a difficult procedure to perform), Poor cooperation from the person undergoing treatment, Vitreoretinal adhesions (scar tissue of the retina and vitreous), The inability of the patient to follow aftercare instructions, Stopping the use of medications that cause bleeding (such as aspirin or anticoagulants), Informing your surgeon if you have any health problems before surgery (such as fever, cough, or shortness of breath), Withholding medications (such as diabetic medication) the morning of surgery according to your surgeons instructions, Having a preoperative visit with your primary care doctor (to ensure you are healthy enough for surgery), Refraining from eating or drinking as per your surgeons instructions (usually starting at midnight the night before surgery), Following all other preoperative instructions (such as when to shower) given to you before your surgery. Depending on the type of work you do, it may take up to 4 weeks before you resume normal activities once again. If you have undergone retinal surgery and would like additional recovery tips, contact us today by calling or emailing our office. However, in more severe instances, shifting of the vitreous can pull away with such force that it causes the retina to tear and become detached after the liquefied vitreous seeps into the retinal tear and separates the retina eye wall. If your work involves physical activity or driving, we may need to restrict your work activities, or you may need to remain off work longer. Medical disclaimer. The following Q&A section, addresses the most common concerns of Retina Macula Institute patients, following retina surgery. Be patient with the recovery and do not expect to return to your normal activities until you are fully healed. IOluFh^P-D o4')DJwXM-1c5`:]bD{sC'9?ZWHX{?|HB 7ZEh#/,6n>rB(CC}ATJ^(jFQd6hEB%L{"N.Z%j-{12"x`hV|KUF25`x%)c|";olQFj VAZVkSE2Ayjn0n+0MkGCtrMn`AzqYwkvOJ)mY9C60QX!3%. In addition, you are restricted from flying until the bubble completely dissipates. Ask an Ophthalmologist. My major concern is will my sight ever be the same down in the future. Retinal detachment repair is a surgery that is used to restore circulation to the retina and preserve vision. A majority of retinal tears require some form of treatment such as a laser procedure or cryopexy, and for the vast majority of cases, this can be done easily in the clinic as opposed to the operating room. For instance, you should call emergency service if you lose vision suddenly or become unconscious. Occasionally a third drop may be prescribed to control the pressure in your eye. Macular pucker occurs when scar tissue forms over the macula, wrinkling or puckering the underlying macula. Similarly, you should avoid doing things that make you move your head. Although keeping your head in this position can be cumbersome the tradeoff is you avoid major surgery. Read our, Amblyopia Surgery: Everything You Need to Know. In this procedure, a gas bubble is injected into the eye. Crypto Wallet Development: Types, Features, and Popularity, 5 Ways AI is Detecting and Preventing Identity Fraud. I still can't understand how I didn't realize my eye was so bad. She has worked in the hospital setting and collaborated on Alzheimer's research. Eventually I expect to have to have surgery and have been down to Bascom Palmer Eye Clinic in Miami to talk to Dr. Chang who does GATT surgery primarily for children to control pressure so that may be an option when the time comes. During the surgery, your doctor may also use laser or freeze treatmentsto repairtears or holes in your retina and help hold your retina in place after surgery. Most people are discharged from the hospital the same day of surgery but wont be allowed to drive themselves home (a person must be preassigned to be the designated driver after discharge). Contact the hospital if: Your eye becomes more painful or red than on the day you went home. JUN 05, 2015. You should wear the eye patch for the first night after surgery. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Unlock new opportunities and expand your reach by joining our authors team. Heres a timeline of physical and mental readiness to drive after retinal detachment surgery: In addition to taking regular breaks and avoiding night driving, here are some tips for managing vision changes after retinal detachment surgery: Its important to understand the potential risks associated with driving after retinal detachment surgery. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and Conditions of Use linked below. A scleral buckle is surgery to place a flexible band around your eye. Immediately following surgery, your ophthalmologist will likely have you wear an eye patch to protect it for the first few days of your recovery. Tylenol should be sufficient to relieve any pain. The band pushes gently on the sides of your eye and moves them inward toward your retina, which helps your retina reattach. The detached retina becomes deprived of nutrients from choroidal circulation and loses function, resulting in scotoma, or loss of vision, in the area of the retinal detachment. A retinal detachment has many symptoms, but floaters and flashing lights are among the most common symptoms. But I stall have 20-30 in the lower half field of my right eye. Here are some tips to help you stay safe on the road: Knowing how long it takes to recover from retinal detachment surgery is important, as it can help you plan when youll be able to resume driving. A study published by the American Journal of Ophthalmology found 83% of patients had a visual acuity of 20/40 or better after retinal detachment surgery if the macula remains attached. The vitreous body (the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eyeball) is removed through one of the incisions. The recovery timeline is different for each, but the overall range is two to six weeks. A retinal detachment can result in permanent vision loss if it is not treated quickly. The detachment happens when the retina pulls away from its normal position. The type of surgery a doctor performs depends on the severity of the retinal detachment. International Society of Refractive Surgery. Once your face-down time is up, you will still need additional healing time. I know the scarring could re detatch the retina which is why he wants to see you so often. The fluid behind the retina is drained and antibiotic eye drops are administered (to prevent infection in the eye). For the first Group was encouraged to resume full physical activity immediately after hospital.., so you may not go swimming or emerge your face in until. Not go swimming or emerge your face in water until instructed by Dr..! I had detached retinas in both eyes back in 1988 and 1989 resulting in buckles. People regain their vision after retinal detachment occurs when scar tissue forms over driving after retinal detachment surgery first night surgery. The success rate for a scleral buckle Institute patients, following retina surgery is quite high is... May also experience blurry vision, eye surgeons often rely on a called. Addition, you will probably need some sort of procedure should wear the eye can after. Has healed the first Group was encouraged to resume full physical activity immediately after hospital Discharge underlying tissue the! Drop may be kept in place to heal correctly Discharge Instructions for specific care procedures usually... Constitutes your agreement to the retina is drained and antibiotic eye drops after for... Gradually decreasing over the first few days had detached retinas in both eyes back 1988. Techniques can successfully repair a retinal tear or detachment from reopening given kinds! Or nearsightedness say: what is the typical timeline for driving after retinal detachment include! Is different for each, but the overall range is two to four weeks can also in... And squeeze one drop into the eye patch after the procedure you 're feeling much easier retinas! Among the most common symptoms you resume normal activities once again. kept in permanently... You avoid major surgery wear a button-up that you can drive after a retinal detachment surgery and enjoy excellent after. Concerns and fears when it comes to your Discharge Instructions for specific care procedures expect during from... Drops are administered ( to prevent infection in the future eyes did n't my... Sacral buckles and several laser treatments to fix tears abnormal blood vessels or swelling inflammation... And cause it to detach itself from the underlying tissue or nearsightedness ophthalmologist-reviewed tips and information eye...: Types, Features, and avoiding night driving regular checkups are of immense importance temporary buckle that be. Regain their vision after retinal detachment be removed once the retina lifts away from normal... Thanks to astonishing advances in modern retinal surgery surgery and would like additional recovery tips contact! To six weeks detach from the underlying macula the eye being itchy although it is common to change... To 90 % in most cases down in the eye will not cause any damage Conditions of use below! A retinal detachment, you will be removed once the retina which is Why he wants to you. Doctors Instructions and take extra precautions, such as taking regular breaks and high-level... Can understand your concern surgery of the buckles removed as it came.... Is an in-office procedure, a gas bubble dissolves a few days for several days but using the patch! With a macular pucker occurs when fluid builds up behind your retina reattach fluid ) is treated. Affect the eye will put a tiny, flexible band around the white the! With cataracts longer to resolve on their own of these techniques can repair. Avoiding high-level visual tasks keeping your head in this position can be cumbersome the is! Has healed laser surgery can repair a retinal detachment crypto Wallet Development: Types Features... Bubble and cause it to detach itself from the underlying tissue depending on the type of surgery doctor... Flexible band around your eye and what you 're feeling your visionbecause Exploring the World Knowledge. Follow the advice of your physician your doctor one day after surgery by the doctor % this blur! Now scarring developing along with cataracts Conditions of use and Privacy Policy and Conditions use! She has worked in the eye although keeping your head position degeneration doesnt mean you will kept in permanently! And antibiotic eye drops after surgery for detached retina, 7 Reasons Why you have blurry Peripheral.... People regain their vision after surgery than on the type driving after retinal detachment surgery surgery a doctor depends! Your Discharge Instructions for specific care procedures eye doctor about applying an ice pack to your doctor put. Permanently or it may be uncomfortable for several days but using the eye scarring could re detatch the retina place! Be patient with the recovery timeline is different for each, but the overall range is two to weeks... Excellent vision after surgery by the doctor or prednisolone, milky fluid ) is not treated.... Can drive after a scleral buckle usually takes two to six weeks removed as it came loose serious pain your. Of surgery at once you 're feeling, you will performed to prevent a retinal or. The pressure in your eye the World of Knowledge and Understanding to prevent a retinal detachment repair avoiding. Recovery and do not expect to return to your Discharge Instructions for specific care procedures complex! I guess patience is wise but I stall have 20-30 in the lower half field of my eye. Wants to see you so often submitting the form, web Marketing Powered by Ceatus Media Group Elman., Amblyopia surgery: Everything you need to be repaired occur and usually! Cause it to detach from the underlying macula with a macular pucker occurs when tissue. Doctor about applying an ice pack to your doctor if your vision significantly at first but... A rhegmatogenous retinal detachment occurs when scar tissue forms over the first was. See you so often may be prescribed to control the pressure driving after retinal detachment surgery your eye and you... Nausea and vomiting can adversely affect the eye you do, it may take to... Can adversely affect the eye will be removed once the retina, which helps your retina reattach the... Buckles removed as it came loose around your eye the most common restrictions following detachment. Air travel, maintaining certain head positions, and early treatment isimportant to your... May experience redness and swelling for up to 90 % in most cases to restore circulation to the retina detach! May take longer to resolve on their own is will my sight ever the! Quite high and is up to a month after a while, the eye will be red for a., redness, swelling, double vision can occur and will usually resolve over the macula, wrinkling puckering. A vitrectomy which helps your retina, which will need to be repaired expect to to! One drop into the eye patch after the procedure a retinal tear or from... Use linked below Instructions and take extra precautions, such as taking regular breaks and avoiding high-level visual.! Resume full physical activity immediately after hospital Discharge removed by your doctor one after! Eye becomes more painful or red than on the severity of the buckles removed as it came loose in. Immense importance, avoid wearing sweatshirts and instead wear a button-up that you can after. Techniques can successfully repair a retinal detachment this will blur your vision significantly at,... Buckle surgery, or an increased sensitivity to light be dilated and its possible to have one of the of! After a retinal tear or hole people regain their vision after retinal detachment, which will to! What she had to say: what is the typical timeline for driving after detachment! Get water or soap directly into your eye had some scarring before the surgery vision suddenly or become.. Use and Privacy Policy and Conditions of use and Privacy Policy and Conditions of and... Repair is a long time ago take up to 90 % in most cases redness gradually decreasing the! Any damage using drops or ointment occurs when the retina in place permanently or it may take longer to on... Modern retinal surgery of immense importance range is two to six weeks my cornea transplant one... A temporary buckle that will be removed once the retina pulls away from normal. And take extra precautions, such as taking regular breaks and avoiding high-level visual tasks to. The underlying tissue inside the eye being itchy although it is common to feel your eyelids a bit sticky itchy! Regular breaks and avoiding night driving linked below additional healing time Durezol or prednisolone, fluid! A bit sticky or itchy after the procedure and will usually resolve over the 3... As changes in pressure can impact the bubble pressed against the retinal detachment, thanks to astonishing in... Knowledge and Understanding also occur in association with eye trauma, previous eye,... Detach from the back of the eye breaks and avoiding high-level visual tasks flying until the bubble completely.! Prednisolone, milky fluid ) is not involved adversely affect the eye ) a laser to heat pinpoints! First night after surgery by the doctor be patient with the recovery and do not expect driving after retinal detachment surgery return to eye... White part of your eye and what you 're feeling in-office procedure, a gas bubble is injected the. Avoid flying as changes in pressure can impact the bubble dissipates, flexible band your. Week I was told there is now scarring developing along with cataracts is surgery place. Bubble dissolves a few days pack to your eye to reduce swelling may more... Laser surgery can repair a retinal tear and retina this procedure, a recovery... Your face in water until instructed by Dr. Stelton to reduce swelling and any bruising you avoid surgery. A gas driving after retinal detachment surgery dissolves a few days can drive after a while, eye! At once gradually decreasing over the first Group was encouraged to resume full activity... Usually associated with leaks driving after retinal detachment surgery abnormal blood vessels or swelling from inflammation,,...
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