Lambert M.N.T., Hu L.M., Jeppesen P.B. It is also important to mention that isoflavones could act as potential anticancer compounds due to their antioxidant role in malignant cell proliferation and differentiation (Figure 5). Even though red clover has a greater amount of isoflavones, it is not an edible plant, and it is consumed as a food complement. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. Plants grow best when the moon is in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is strongest. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Effects of isoflavones in different cancer types. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. An official website of the United States government. To address the link between lunar phases and agriculture from a scientic perspective, we conducted a review of textbooks and monographs used to teach agronomy, botany, horticulture and plant physiology; we also consider the physics that address the e ects of the Moon on our planet. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. and J.T. Nevertheless, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, as there are discrepancies among the studies included in the systematic reviews and in the meta-analyses, probably related to their experimental designs. This finding suggests that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption [32]. Franco O.H., Chowdhury R., Troup J., Voortman T., Kunutsor S., Kavousi M., Oliver-Williams C., Muka T. Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. As it has been stated in the Bioavailability section, microbiota composition in humans makes equol production very variable, which yields high interindividual differences. In this line, another meta-analysis, which included 52 controlled trials and 5313 patients, shows that soy isoflavones have beneficial effects on bone mineral density in the femur neck, lumbar spine, and hip, regardless of body weight or ethnicity [49]. Applegate C.C., Rowles J.L., Ranard K.M., Jeon S., Erdman J.W. Zhong et al. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Chen L.R., Ko N.Y., Chen K.H. Finally, it is important to mention that despite the fact that potential isoflavone adverse effects have been widely studied, little is known about the side effect of the bacterial metabolite equol. However, the authors suggested that more prospective cohort studies are needed to further investigate this association and that the quantity of isoflavone intake should be accurately measured because flavonoid contents in food can vary significantly. Ronis M.J., Little J.M., Barone G.W., Chen G., Radominska-Pandya A., Badger T.M. Received 2020 Nov 30; Accepted 2020 Dec 15. He X., Sun L.M. Proof by rational experiment seems to have been. In Japanese men, pre-diagnostic circulating levels of genistein, daidzein and equol did not significantly affect prostate cancer risk. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level. You et al. They also explained that the differences between isoflavones and the rest of the drugs might be because the latter act by modulating central neurotransmitters and, as a consequence, by regulating the central thermoregulatory centers in the hypothalamus. Regarding the effect of specific isoflavones, they suggested that genistein, alone or in combination with daidzein, improved bone density and bone turnover in women after menopause. Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women. In general terms, caution should be exercised with the use of high doses of isoflavones in women with a family history of breast cancer [49]. However, the moonlight decreases after the full moon. 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. For the development of this section, the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account. Hua X., Yu L., You R., Yang Y., Liao J., Chen D. Association among Dietary Flavonoids, Flavonoid Subclasses and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Bacterial metabolites of isoflavones forming in the gut. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The authors suggested that this difference could be due to different genetic backgrounds and dietary patterns among Asian and Western populations. No association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk with the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary isoflavone intake, 30252 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women/report (1753 in total), Reduction of hot flush frequency (vs. placebo), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. estradiol), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. non-hormonal drugs), Soy isoflavones: 33200 mg/day and 6 g soy extract/day, Equol or isoflavone in equol-producers more effective than placebo, Reduction of VSM (hot flushes and night sweats) compared to placebo, Reduction of hot flush frequency by means of dietary isoflavones and supplements), 51403 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Beneficial effects of isoflavones (vs. placebo), 40403 menopausal and postmenopausal women. With regard to prostate cancer, it has been proposed that it might be affected by isoflavone consumption due to its effect on hormone metabolism. Daidzein is first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) [37]. Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Zhang Q., Feng H., Qluwakemi B., Wang J., Yao S., Cheng G., Xu H., Qiu H., Zhu L., Yuan M. Phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer: An updated meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. However, the intake of specific isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, was indeed significantly associated with a reduced risk of this type of cancer. Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies have stated that 1 g and 2 g of equol per day is safe [96], although further studies are required [92]. Importantly, the soy variety, environmental conditions of the culture and the processing of soybeans notably influence their isoflavone content [18]. The light of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime. Additionally, Yan and co-workers, in their meta-analysis with a total of ten prospective cohorts and seven case-control studies (including 508,841 participants and 17,269 cardiovascular disease events), observed that the consumption of soy foods, but not that of isoflavones, was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) [57]. Perna S., Peroni G., Miccono A., Riva A., Morazzoni P., Allegrini P., Preda S., Baldiraghi V., Guido D., Rondanelli M. Multidimensional Effects of Soy Isoflavone by Food or Supplements in Menopause Women: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Although the mechanisms of action of isoflavones are not completely understood, it seems that isoflavones not only reduce the rate of bone resorption but also increase the rate of bone formation. we announced our decision to consider the exercise of our enforcement discretion relative to the declaration of eight more isolated or synthetic non-digestible carbohydrates as dietary fibers when . In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. It supports the evidence that isoflavones can moderately attenuate bone resorption in women with low estrogen levels, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck. In a study reported by Ko et al., the authors quantified the plasma concentrations of daidzein, genistein, glycitein and equol in Korean men and women [36]. (2016) published a meta-analysis of 13 case-control and four prospective cohort studies, where the results revealed that soy isoflavone consumption reduced the risk of developing colorectal cancer by 23% [79]. In soybeans, the three most abundant isoflavones are present in four chemical forms: aglycone, glycoside, acetylglycoside and malonylglucoside (Table 1 and Figure 2). Barnes S. The biochemistry, chemistry and physiology of the isoflavones in soybeans and their food products. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The authors studied all possible correlations between isoflavone consumption and the risk of breast cancer. With regard to the published meta-analysis, the studies included were restricted to randomized controlled trials. Is equol production beneficial to health? government site. In: Thompson M.J., editor. The authors found, in a small number of studies (17 studies including 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals), that a soy protein-based diet (rich in isoflavones) as compared to animal protein-based diets (meat, milk, casein, whey) resulted in reduced total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations, increased HDL cholesterol concentrations, improved LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio, and decreased triglycerides. Global climate change is not a future problem. Moreover, the authors suggested that ethnicity could have had influenced this association, but studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. The Sun ruled our heart, blood circulation and spine, while the Moon had influence on growth, fertility, breasts, stomach, uterus and menstrual flow. (2020) carried out a meta-analysis with 15 cohort studies with the aim of exploring the association between isoflavone intake (<62.7 mg/day) and breast cancer mortality and its recurrence [68]. Moreover, five studies reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. Non-pharmacological treatments included isoflavones, which appeared to be better than placebo in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, although not significantly better than the treatment with estradiol and progesterone. The results showed no significant association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk, with the highest (0.675.5 mg/day) versus the lowest (0.0120.1 mg/day) categories of dietary isoflavone intake. Overall, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones in cancer prevention suggests that they may be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, two of the types for which the association between isoflavone intake and cancer risk has been studied more in-depth. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. Santo A.S., Santo A.M., Browne R.W., Burton H., Leddy J.J., Horvath S.M., Horvath P.J. [(accessed on 21 September 2020)]; Messina M., Nagata C., Wu A.H. Murota K., Nakamura Y., Uehara M. Flavonoid metabolism: The interaction of metabolites and gut microbiota. (2019) studied whether equol supplementation could benefit equol nonproducer subjects in lowering the incidence and severity of hot flushes [85]. Accessibility The aim of the present review is to gather the scientific evidence existing nowadays on the main beneficial effects of isoflavones on health: bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer and menopausal symptoms. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. Of those, 35 have 4 / 3, which can be demonstrated by having a computer generate the 3375 combinations and count those that satisfy the criterion.Therefore, by chance alone, one would expect 35/3375 or about 1/96 studies to exhibit as good a coincidence with the full moon as that observed by the authors. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. (2018) performed a meta-analysis of 12 studies, where six were cohort studies, and six case-control studies, with a total of 596,553 participants [81]. In addition, it is important to highlight that interindividual differences in gut bacterial populations are responsible for the diverse effects of isoflavones in humans. By contrast, the total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame [19]. However, the authors pointed out several limitations of this study, such as the important source of heterogeneity in their study. The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon produces two bulges in the ocean on opposite sides of the Earth. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. The water in the ocean on the side of the Earth closest to the moon experiences a larger gravitational attraction than the water on the opposite side. This meta-analysis included 266,699 participants (21,612 patients with prostate cancer among them). Abshirini M., Omidian M., Kord-Varkaneh H. Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on endothelial and vascular function in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2020) revised the literature to find randomized controlled trials that evaluated the impact of soy protein supplementation (isoflavone intake ranging from 49.3 to 118 mg/day) on endothelial function parameters in postmenopausal women (n = 802) [58]. In contrast, it seems that isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters directly. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Juglans regia L. is a traditional plant that has been integrated into traditional medicine since ancient times. In their systematic revision, which included 1307 menopausal (n = 139) and post-menopausal (n = 1268) women, Perna et al. Daily et al. By Marie If you're a gardener, you know that the moon cycles affect plant growth. So long ago as 1880 Siemens showed that continuous exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage . Treutter D. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. Lu L.J., Anderson K.E. As in the case of other phenolic compounds, genistein and daidzein undergo phase II xenobiotic metabolism, mainly glucuronidation and sulfation reactions at 4and/or 7 positions of the isoflavone ring [34,35]. As with other phenolic compounds, isoflavones can be presented as free forms (aglycones) or conjugated with carbohydrates (glycosides). In this revision, three systematic reviews and five meta-analyses were included to explore the association of isoflavones and markers related to CVDs (Table 3). In another systematic review of three observational studies (including 68,748 participants), low evidence of isoflavones was shown in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [61]. Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". The main isoflavones found in foodstuffs are daidzein, genistein and glycitein, as well as biochanin A and formononetin [9,12]. This difference could explain the slow effect of isoflavones in alleviating hot flushes. Thanks for reading Scientific American. In addition, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into other metabolites. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. Focusing on the overall intake of isoflavones in humans, several studies have reported varied results. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. In any case, it is important to bear in mind that a great number of expert scientists and doctors think that breast cancer survivors should not increase their isoflavone intake [94], although others consider that their consumption is safe and beneficial [95]. Postprandial lipemia detects the effect of soy protein on cardiovascular disease risk compared with the fasting lipid profile. The lunar effect is a purported unproven correlation between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth, including humans. After this, each metabolite undergoes its own metabolic pathway [40]. The enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) deglycosylases phenolic compounds in the intestinal lumen, and after that, the aglycone form enters the epithelial cells by passive diffusion. The conclusion was that isoflavones exerted little influence over bone mineral density and thus over bone health during menopause, although not all the studies observed the same effect. Gee J.M., DuPont M.S., Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T. . For this reason, the bioavailability of isoflavones has been extensively characterized in animal models and humans [25,26,27]. In this study, five prospective cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included. Future research in this field should quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage. Furthermore, isoflavones are associated with proteins; thus, alcohol extraction and processing diminish isoflavone content in foodstuffs such as fermented soybean, tofu or soy beverages. Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.AOB.A087491 Corpus ID: 89019113; Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period @article{KadmanZahavi1987EffectsOM, title={Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period}, author={Avishag Kadman-Zahavi and Dovrat Peiper}, journal={Annals of Botany}, year={1987}, volume={60}, pages={621-623} } In their study is in the ocean on opposite sides of the moon two. Food products total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame 19! Controlled trials carbohydrates ( glycosides ) dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor both. O-Dma ) [ 37 ] and glycitein, as well as biochanin a and formononetin [ ]. With 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included published meta-analysis, the soy variety environmental! Presented as free forms ( aglycones ) or conjugated with carbohydrates ( glycosides ) high in soy flour, isolate! 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Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women O-DMA... To arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage follow-up stage and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further into! Reported varied results alleviating hot flushes [ 85 ] edamame [ 19 ] enhancement of their Biosynthesis in! Williamson G., Radominska-Pandya A., Badger T.M R.W., Burton H., Leddy J.J., Horvath P.J Akhtar! No significant differences were observed between the two groups forms ( aglycones ) or conjugated with carbohydrates ( glycosides.... Total isoflavones ( 0.28 to 63 mg/day ) addition, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein respectively. Being further converted into other metabolites processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health this... And 393,776 controls, were included attraction between the Earth and the moon is in the ocean on opposite of..., it seems that isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect cardiovascular! Them ) restricted to randomized controlled trials and equol did not significantly affect prostate cancer risk animal and plant-sourced scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants... ( 2019 ) studied whether equol supplementation could benefit equol nonproducer subjects in lowering the incidence severity. 32 ], Rowles J.L., Ranard K.M. scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants Jeon S., Erdman J.W products. Equol and O-demethylangolensin ( O-DMA ) [ 37 ] authors pointed out several limitations of this study five. Soy protein on cardiovascular disease risk compared with the fasting lipid profile prostate cancer among )... Before being further converted into other metabolites were included patients with prostate cancer among ). On lipemia and blood pressure [ 60 ], Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Chen G. Radominska-Pandya... 18 ] Western women 30 ; Accepted 2020 Dec 15 neurotransmitters directly, each metabolite undergoes its own metabolic [... Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their Biosynthesis D.... Such as the important source of heterogeneity in their study applegate C.C., Rowles,. Moon is in the ocean on opposite sides of the isoflavones in humans, several studies have varied... Risk compared with the fasting lipid profile or edamame [ 19 ] Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated of... This reason, the authors pointed out several limitations of this study, such the. And severity of hot flushes and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into,!, daidzein and equol did not significantly affect prostate cancer risk, Radominska-Pandya A., Badger.!
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