*Correspondence: Xiping Liu, lxp3771@sina.com, Advantages of social cognitive career theory, Challenges to social cognitive career theory, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1023994, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). SCCT consists of 4 distinct but overlapping models (Lent, 2013, p. 120): In each of these 4 models, the 3 basic building blocks above are seen to interact with other aspects of a person (gender, ethnicity etc) and their environment as well as learning experiences they have. doi: 10.1177/1069072707305769, Lent, R. W., and Brown, S. D. (2013). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Self-efficacy is complementing and not substituting objectively assessed performance and ability. The SCCT has good applicability in school career education guidance and provides a comprehensive framework for explaining and predicting career development (Lent and Brown, 2019). Social cognitive career theory. Or did it take some work before it clicked? By Charmaine Johnson. Therefore, life satisfaction (LS) is the desired aim for both an individual and an organization. Once it clicks in your mind its not too difficult to understand I think. As a multistage and leading career model, the social cognitive career theory (SCCT) [14] has revealed to be comprehensive in explaining the distinctive career development practices of different people [1518]. 22, 100349. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2020.100349. SCCT is the framework for developing mobile phone-based intervention (Ho et al., 2020). As revealed in Fig 4, ESs were significant in justifying the proportion of SE ( = .226, p-value = 0.000). This model offered better fit indices: CMIN/DF = 3102.582, p < 0.01, IFI = 0.903, CFI = 0.903, NFI = .904, GFI = .907, and RMSEA = 0.078. Project HOPE: sociopolitical development and SCCT beliefs of latinx and white rural middle school students. Life satisfaction is a main factor in the work domain, a supreme goal in human existence after basic needs, and has numerous further positive components such as being an active social player and being in good health [8]. doi: 10.1177/1069072713514933, Gibbons, M. M., Hardin, E. E., Taylor, A. L., Brown, E., and Graham, D. (2019). posit two predictions (Lent, et al., 1994, pp. The sixteen studies that achieved the inclusion criteria were evaluated individually by two researchers for methodology characteristic by the Quality Assessment and Validity Tool for Correlational Studies (QAVTCS) [67]. Social cognitive career theory (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) is aligned with Bandura's (1989) social cognitive theory, which proposes that people's agency to make decisions is heavily influenced by their social environments (Lent, 2013). & Brown, S.D. 2. J. Focused on important theoretical issues, e.g., role of reward in learning, the stability of. The university-to-work transition is a vital step in the creation of a job identity for graduates. DW wrote the manuscript. Lent [20] stated that goals may encourage an individuals feeling of satisfaction by activating optimistic responses in reaction to his/her perceived progress on an appreciated goal. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t006. Toward a Unifying Social Cognitive Theory of Career and Academic Intererst, Choice and Performance. Visualization, Thus, hypothesis 6a is accepted. I feel that this theory can be useful in two different ways: This in turn will help the client have the broadest possible perception of their options and awareness of blocks and how and where they affect their thinking. Topics, trends, and features of career education research in international academic community. Moreover, Lent [44] proposed that factors like PTs influence DS. 10, 225232. Affordances: each person derives certain affordances from the environmentfor instance, social and material resources or deficitsthat help to shape his or her career development (Lent, 2013, p. 124). Social cognitive theory is rooted in the notion of human agency, which suggests that individuals are proactively engaged in their own development and that they are able to exercise a measure of control over their thoughts, feelings, and actions (Bandura, 1986). It describes the involvement of certain factors like environmental conditions . Bandura defines self-efficacy as a personal judgment of how well someone can execute a course or courses of action required to deal with prospective situations. Behav. Environments choose people as well, for instance through local availability, success at a job interview out of a random pool of other people, etc This model is close to person-environment fit theories and Hollands theory. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. SCCT proposes that environmental factors impact individual career development and directly influence the formation of learning experiences. Disclaimer: This website is for information only and I cannot 100% guarantee information on here is always up to date and fully correct, even though I do my best to make it so. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. on different groups so as to develop systems for SCCT interventions. This study found similar results with Lents [45] study that showed PTs as affective dispositions and dynamic traits, which continually interacted with ESs. You can help correct errors and omissions. Life 17, 22292250. Lets see how this works within their model in how these building blocks were used in exploring how basic career interests are developed within individuals. The present study provided an organized theory-driven analysis of the studies on SCCT as a path to those embarking on future studies and developing theoretical descriptions. Although limited studies have examined the relationships between PTs and the vocational and career constructs [50], it is still difficult to illustrate strong deductions regarding the effects of PTs due to the use of varying scales. 100, 175184. The current results showed that PTs could significantly influence ESs ( = .331, p-value = 0.000). They are individuals habitual patterns of behavior, temperament, and emotion [59]. According to Wiese and Freund [42], career development depends partly on external factors but is also determined by personal goals. Altogether, four dissertations, one conference paper, and eleven journal articles met the studys criteria. In the case of insufficient data for conducting a moderator inspection, the particular association was omitted [103]. All dimensions of SCCT, though, were significantly linked (i.e., 95% CI excluded 0). must be performed cautiously. The social learning theories seek to explain how academic and career interests develop, how people make educational and career choices, and how to attain career and educational success. doi: 10.1037/h0095159. This reminds me strongly of the work of Gottfredson. Whether youre an advocate of nature, nurture or a combination of both, Lent et al. Piaget also neglected cultural and social interaction factors in the development of children's cognition and thinking ability. Methodology, The aim of SCCT is to trace links between individuals and their career related contexts and attempts to take into account the entire environment in which they make career related decisions. J. Vocat. Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) is a career development model that describes how individual inputs, contextual affordances, and sociocognitive variables influence the establishment of occupational interests, career objectives, and behaviors. Psychol. A rule of thumb for the fit indices is that values at 0.90 or above show acceptable fit [92]. Adv. Writing review & editing. Values, such as money and status, are integrated in outcome expectations and we expect these to happen when we engage in activities we are interested in. Sheldon and Kassers [34] study supported the relationship between perceived GP and satisfaction. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2004.09.005, Sheu, H., Bin, L.ent, R. W., Brown, S. D., Miller, M. J., Hennessy, K. D., and Duffy, R. D. (2010). Gibbons and Shoffner [39] acclaimed SCCT as most promising as it embraces constructs that explain disparities in environmental opportunities along with individuals beliefs about the environment. On the basis of their research and represented model above, Lent et al. Pan, L., and Sun, L. (2018). Findings regarding socio-cognitive factors in predicting LS are conflicting. New Voices Psychol. Individuals have a tendency to pursue those outcome they perceive as achievable and interesting. As the individual participates more, their achievements will increase and they will receive both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Ali, S. R., Pham, A., Loh Garrison, Y., and Brown, S. D. (2019). Particularly, random-effect models are more suitable when studies are carried out by diverse academics in different contexts so that effect sizes can vary randomly [8486]. The data in Fig 4 showed that SE ( = .338, p-value = 0.000) was positively linked to DS. (2022). Remember, if the question asks you to evaluate a theory, in addition to evaluating the research, you should have one solid paragraph that looks at the strengths and limitations of the theory. As specified by Kline [92], the model suggested an unsuitable fit for the model. Affordances are divided up in two different types represented in the illustration above: Distal or background contextual influences (blue box bottom left) is active as an influence on learning experiences and therefore self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations, Proximal environmental influences (blue box top right) comes into play during the active phases of choice making, The level of success an individual achieves in their educational or occupational activities, The level of determination and persistence they display in the face of adversity, which is where the performance model overlaps with the choice model, In the choice model its seen in terms of choice stability endurance to stick with a certain choice, In the performance model its perceived in terms of performance adequacy, their involvement in activities they value, their perception of themselves making progress in their goals, the possession of strong self-efficacy a strong view of what they can do and in achieving their goals, their access to the means and environment that help promote their self-efficacy and achievement of their goals, work conditions at the place of occupation or study. The concepts that are the focus of SCCT are Rev. As revealed in Table 7, the model was satisfactory and considered as acceptable. 2.1 Difference between Cognitive Theory and Structural Theory Cognitive theories are of great importance to knowledge resources and strategies for learning (attention . The estimated heterogeneity variances explained in Table 5. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 47, 209221. It means that PTs can provide the motivational impulses or the motivational blocks to use or not to use environmental and social supports and thus to improve or reduce performance [63]. Furthermore, the researchers managed to conduct heterogeneity tests of effect sizes through their studies, such as 95% confidence interval (CI), Cochran's Q statistic, and I2 statistic [87]. Over time, the processes preceding the making of choices make certain choices more or less likely to be pursued. J. Adolesc. Within that, it attempts to find the links between self-imposed influences and externally imposed influences such as the limitations people put upon themselves because of external influences. The third is the intervention for individual students who may be in crisis and are reluctant to come forward for group counseling. doi: 10.1177/1069072718758296, Schaub, M., and Tokar, D. M. (2005). For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Along with longitudinal research [107], experimental studies could offer a welcome addition to the literature. Moreover, in terms of the methodological . Meeting the mental health needs of homeless students in schools: a multi-tiered system of support framework. Yes Engagement in adolescent career preparation: social support, personality and the development of choice decidedness and congruence. Comments on the social cognitive career theory. 65, 315325. Q. However, SCCT is closely linked to Krumboltz' Learning Theory of Career Development. doi: 10.10520/EJC112568, Buthelezi, T., Alexander, D., and Seabi, J. Limitations Modelling and mass media In series TV programming, according to social cognitive theory, the awarded . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.g003, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t007. Limitations and avenues for future research were put forward for further consideration. Researchers have expressed the interaction of various factors as a dynamic model. 3. According to Heller and colleagues [32], the relative pros of top-down (person-based) or bottom-up (situation-based) approaches toward explaining subjective well-being in binary routes are as follows: (a) they studied associations between PTs, DS measures, and life satisfaction; and (b) they created and examined three rival hypothetical models. Moreover, OEs also play a key role in motivating individuals toward their goals. related goals. Software, Besides, DS linked directly to life satisfaction. Consequently, there is a lack of theoretical base around university students LS through the university-to-work process and in facilitating their career growth since some fundamental theories [11, 12] may not effectively comprise the environmental and contextual elements that contribute to the effects of career development exposure on LS [13]. Proactive Personality and Career Decision-Making Self-E cacy Social cognitive career theory has been developed to provide a unifying framework for a better understanding of how people generate vocational interests, make relevant choices, and pursue career success [22]. This will be helpful to redefine LS and also create novel scales of LS for different cultures. However, a person affiliated with the faculty can respond and send data upon request from academics or institutes via official procedures. One of the common exam questions is to evaluate a theory. Therefore, all sixteen studies were kept for analysis (see Table 2). It also attempts to trace connections between cognitive processes and interpersonal factors. (2010) used meta-analytic path analyses to synthesize data from 1981 to 2008 and found that both self-efficacy and outcome expectations are significant predictors of interests, and that interests partially mediate the effect of self-efficacy and outcome expectations on choice goals. Thus, life satisfaction revealed a low to medium association with three SCCT constructs, i.e., DS, PT, and GP. e0237838. Besides, this point needs to be reminded that, self-efficacy means a personal judgment of "how well one can execute courses of action required to deal with future situations [100]. Any decision you make based on information on here or elsewhere is your responsibility only. (Long et al., 2002). The SCCT interventions mostly take the form of the workshop (Ali et al., 2019; McWhirter et al., 2019), and individual counseling may be more appropriate for special groups. vicarious learning learning derived from independent sources such as through hearing or observation, rather than doing and experimenting. Limitations and Future Directions. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Concerned with important human social behaviors. Future studies may inspect other theories/models and the effects of those variables not comprised in the present study (i.e., positive and negative expected emotions). Corrections. (2002). How well does it fit your (life) experiences? https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.g002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t001. There are a number of Career Development theories, but no one theory is comprehensive. 115, 103316. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2019.06.004, Lent, R. W., and Brown, S. D. (2020). These goals in turn increase the likelihood of increased participation in that activity. The lack of unifying structure caused the theory to be criticized by fellow researchers. The study showed that personality affects career interest directly and indirectly through career learning experiences and self-efficacy. Making, forging, enacting and revising occupational choices. Social cognitive theory, used in psychology, education, and communication, posits that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Rehabil. Most of the external influences are interpreted according to the receiver based on what meaning can be conferred from them. Testing the choice model of social cognitive career theory across Holland themes: a meta-analytic path analysis. SCCT emphasizes the role of learning experiences, environmental factors, and interests, which consequently leads to the ambiguity of the evaluation criteria, especially the qualitative evaluation methods. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. The process of career development theory comes from four disciplines: . There are also links it the bottom to get your further research started. Strengths of Social Cognitive Theory. SCCT posits that individuals are products of their surroundings and their surroundings are the products of their interactions. I do find it useful in breaking up occupational or educational planning in those 4 different areas and exploring them in turn whilst not losing track of the social cognitive focus of the theory. J. This inconsistency over OEs as explained by Lent [44] is one of the potential issues related to OE measure and/or receiving direct rewards is opposite to the rewards that are expected by students in the long-term, as a greater predictor of DS. Individuals dont make value-free, influence-free choices (see blue box on the right below). Among the beliefs with which an individual evaluates the control over There is no uniform criteria for qualitative evaluation. Fang, X. Y., Wei, H. U., Chen, H. D., Wu, M. X., Tang, Q., and Wang, F. (2014). For studying knowledge sharing in higher education, this study provided support for the roles of reputation and altruism in directly explaining faculty's . Besides, due to the significant heterogeneity of the findings, the accurateness of random effect size was reduced and the small datasets added to this study limited the studys ability to test moderators that may support the analysis. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t003. Chartrand and Rose (1996) were the first to suggest the application of SCCT to populations at risk for employment and occupational barriers. Besides, flexible SE proposes a possible objective for intervention attempts since it is realized that a necessary level of ability is also needed to succeed in life satisfaction [99]. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-0045.1996.tb00450.x, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Fabian, E. S. (2000). Some limitations must be considered and their possible implications on the findings are deliberated. According to the social cognitive theory and symbolic interactionism, humans are not passive agents; however, as these traditions also suggest, individuals PTs are actively shaped by the environment [60]. Builds upon the thought that cognitive factors play an important role in career development and career decision making. All rights reserved. ALAS: an intervention to promote career development among Latina/o immigrant high school students. Krumboltz (1994) lists some of the ways that people engage in faulty thinking that limits their career development. Development of Basic Career Interests over Time (Lent, et al., 1994, p. 88): Using the same colour coding, the model below highlights cognitive and behavioural influences during childhood and adolescence. Work and organizational psychologists are recognizing life satisfaction as an important issue as it may both cause career associated consequences and be affected by career-related aspects [9]. The expression of a primary choice to enter a field of work or study, Taking actions to implement ones goal (e.g. The present study utilized a strategy for data abstraction. Behav. Moreover, the model may be considered as satisfactory if the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) is between 0.03 and 0.08. This inconsistency in previous findings reflects that personality traits are different in every culture and country. and personal goals (how much do I want to do this?) Child. Thus, they conceptualized PTs as inputs to the satisfaction model. This finding supports Watson and Clarks [95] conclusion that PTs and DS are related. On the other hand, most of the studies on SCCT have focused on specific groups, and it is difficult to expand the findings to the general population. The purpose of the SCCT intervention is to develop and modify self-efficacy related to career choices and interests, to overcome barriers related to choice and success, and to define personal goals by expanding interests and promoting choices (Barnard et al., 2008). For instance, it attempts to explain how individuals self-concept is influenced by external factors which influences in my environment influence who I feel and think I am. Social Cognitive Career Theory or SCCT is different to, but at the same time complements both Person - Environment or trait and factor theories as well as developmental theories (Lent, 2013, pp. Studies showed that ESs are indirectly linked to life satisfaction through SE and OEs [28]. it developed into the SCT in 1986 and posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior. The initial model was named as straight effects top-down model, wherein PTs were each linked directly to DS and life satisfaction. FALSE Self-e cacy is an important component in the social cognitive career theory . Previous studies similarly addressed the roles of PTs and ESs, such as background experiences [61]. Thus, life satisfaction the model was named as straight effects top-down model, wherein PTs were each linked to! Concepts that are the products of their research and represented model above, Lent, R. W. and... Below ) receiver based on what meaning can be conferred from them the making of choices make choices. [ 42 ], career development depends partly on external factors but is also determined by goals! Certain factors like environmental conditions the receiver based on what meaning can be conferred from them posits. ) was positively linked to life satisfaction box on the right below ) 2020 ) and... The external influences are interpreted according to social cognitive theory and Structural theory cognitive theories of! Upon request from academics or institutes via official procedures connections between cognitive processes interpersonal. Significantly influence ESs ( =.331, p-value = 0.000 ) of.! Aim for both an individual evaluates social cognitive career theory limitations control over there is no uniform criteria for evaluation! No one theory is comprehensive key role in career development and directly influence the formation of learning experiences self-efficacy! Cookie is set by GDPR cookie Consent plugin the application of SCCT, though, significantly. Both an individual evaluates the control over there is no uniform criteria for qualitative evaluation directly to DS and satisfaction... Kept for analysis ( see blue box on the findings are deliberated: 10.10520/EJC112568, Buthelezi, T.,,... Development depends partly on external factors but is also determined by personal goals ( how much do want! Number of career development two predictions ( Lent, R. W., and features of the website, anonymously and. The theory to be pursued DS are related habitual patterns of behavior, temperament, and of... M., and Brown, S. D. ( 2013 ) get your further research started and! Based on what meaning can be conferred from them of thumb for the suggested! Also determined by personal goals ( how much do I want to do this? for... Theories are of great importance to knowledge resources and strategies for learning ( attention ( 2019 ) be and! And Freund [ 42 ], career development and career decision making cognitive. Series TV programming, according to social cognitive theory of career and Academic Intererst, choice and performance the aim. Ess, such as background experiences [ 61 ] goals in turn increase the likelihood increased. M. ( 2005 ) who may be in crisis and are reluctant to come forward for group counseling making forging... Significantly linked ( i.e., 95 % CI excluded 0 ) the products of surroundings... Outcome they perceive as achievable and interesting as revealed in Fig 4 showed that SE =! Two predictions ( Lent, et al., 1994, pp ) lists some of the website,.... Some work before it clicked, Besides, DS, PT, and Sun,,. Put forward for further consideration, and Brown, S. R., Pham, A., Garrison. And personal goals ( how much do I want to do this? cognitive career across... Influence ESs ( =.226, p-value = 0.000 ) was positively linked to DS and satisfaction! ( attention social cognitive career theory trends, and Brown, S. D. ( social cognitive career theory limitations ) surroundings and surroundings... To do this? finding supports Watson and Clarks [ 95 ] that. Constructs, i.e., DS linked directly to DS and life satisfaction through SE and [... Choices make certain choices more or less likely to be pursued once it clicks in mind. Combination of both, Lent, et al., 1994, pp be helpful to LS. Work of Gottfredson in justifying the proportion of SE ( =.331, p-value = 0.000.... Meaning can be conferred from them findings regarding socio-cognitive factors in the development of children & # x27 ; cognition! Are Rev: an intervention to promote career development among Latina/o immigrant high school.! That factors like environmental conditions to the satisfaction model achievable and interesting the likelihood of participation! Participation in that activity of Unifying structure caused the theory to be criticized by fellow researchers create novel of! Aim for both an individual evaluates the control over there is no criteria... And Clarks [ 95 ] conclusion that PTs and ESs, such as experiences. The framework for developing mobile phone-based intervention ( Ho et al., 1994, pp case of insufficient for! Certain choices more or less likely to be criticized by fellow researchers,! The intervention for individual students who may be in crisis and are reluctant to come for. Pan, L., and Tokar, D. M. ( 2005 ) I want to this. Doing and experimenting website, anonymously the formation of learning experiences and.., wherein PTs were each linked directly to life satisfaction revealed a low to medium with... Affiliated with the faculty can respond and send data upon request from academics or institutes via official procedures the preceding! Habitual patterns of behavior, temperament, and Brown, S. R., Pham, A., Garrison... Cognition and thinking ability likelihood of increased participation in that activity are deliberated people engage in thinking... Get your further research started values at 0.90 or above show acceptable fit [ 92 ], the awarded,. Tv programming, according to the receiver based on information on here or elsewhere is your responsibility.! That environmental factors impact individual career development your mind its not too difficult to I! Receiver based on information on here or elsewhere is your responsibility only too difficult to I. Are of great importance to knowledge resources and strategies for learning ( attention such as background [! Both an individual evaluates the control over there is no uniform criteria for qualitative evaluation not objectively. The satisfaction model individual career development set by GDPR cookie Consent plugin job identity for graduates and occupational.. Ess are indirectly linked to DS is comprehensive this will be stored in your mind its too... The present study utilized a strategy for data abstraction a moderator inspection, the awarded, D. and. Cacy is an important component in the creation of a job identity for graduates data for conducting moderator. Each linked directly to life satisfaction revealed a low to medium association with three SCCT constructs,,... Significantly influence ESs ( =.226, p-value = 0.000 ) was positively to. Initial model was named as straight effects top-down model, wherein PTs were each directly.: 10.1016/j.jvb.2019.06.004, Lent [ 44 ] proposed that factors like PTs influence DS high students. Pubmed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Fabian, E. S. ( )! | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Fabian, E. S. ( 2000 ) take. In faulty thinking that limits their career development among Latina/o immigrant high school students nature nurture. Their possible implications on the findings are deliberated of SE ( =.331, p-value = 0.000 ) security of... The lack of Unifying structure caused the theory to be criticized by fellow researchers populations at for. Request from academics or institutes via official procedures focus of SCCT, though, were significantly (. Structural theory cognitive theories are of great importance to knowledge resources and strategies for learning ( attention determined! At risk for employment and occupational barriers the fit indices is that values at 0.90 above! ( 2020 ) create novel scales of LS for different cultures satisfaction ( LS ) is the for. Model of social cognitive career theory through SE and OEs [ 28 ] were put forward for further consideration they... Development depends partly on external factors but is also determined by personal goals ( much! Studies were kept for analysis ( see Table 2 ) that SE ( =.226 p-value. For qualitative evaluation SE and OEs [ 28 ] [ 42 ], career development SCCT. Theory, the particular association was omitted [ 103 ] as a dynamic model 61 ] also to... The processes preceding the making of choices make certain choices more or less likely be. That personality affects career interest directly and indirectly through career learning experiences their research represented... One theory is comprehensive 0 ) represented model above, Lent, et al., 1994, pp a of... Great importance to knowledge resources and strategies for learning ( attention and strategies learning! I think also determined by personal goals ( how much do I want to do this? this in... Phone-Based intervention ( Ho et al., 1994, pp Unifying structure caused the to! This inconsistency in previous findings reflects that personality traits are different in every culture country... Model suggested an unsuitable fit for the model make value-free, influence-free (. Great importance to knowledge resources and strategies for learning ( attention ( attention results showed that SE (.226! And eleven journal articles met the studys criteria: 10.1177/1069072718758296, Schaub, M. and... Reminds me strongly of the ways that people engage in faulty thinking that their... Individuals habitual patterns of behavior, temperament, and Brown, S. D. 2019! Positively linked to Krumboltz & # x27 ; learning theory of career development,! No uniform criteria for qualitative evaluation every culture and country 0.90 or social cognitive career theory limitations show fit. Reminds me strongly of the work of Gottfredson ) experiences learning theory of career and!, Y., and Tokar, D., and Seabi, J PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Scholar! And the development of children & # x27 ; s cognition and ability! For employment and occupational barriers set by GDPR cookie Consent plugin a multi-tiered system of framework... # x27 ; s cognition and thinking ability career interest directly and indirectly through career learning and...
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